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Biology 1013 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is science

A

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena

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2
Q

What is the “scientific method”

A

standard approach practiced by scientists

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3
Q

Define “Evolution”

A

Heritable change in a population of organisms from generation to generation

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4
Q

Define “Structure and function”

A

Structure determines function

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5
Q

Define “Energy and Matter”

A

Energy is acquired from the environment and used to make molecules & maintain an organisms body

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6
Q

Define “Systems”

A

Interactions between parts create novel structure or fun actions, leading to emergent properties

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7
Q

What is the process of doing biology

A 
Observations
Hypothesis
Experimentation
The Data
Conclusion
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8
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon. Based on previous observation, testable, falsifiable, not something you can prove

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9
Q

What is a theory

A

A broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world, backed by extensive evidence

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10
Q

What is the peer- review process

A

Scientist, Journal editor, reviewer

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11
Q

What Job does the journal editor have in a peer review process

A

He will either reject or accept it

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12
Q

What job does the reviewer have in Peer review process

A

To find any. gaps in reasoning and to ensure that nothing has been overlooked

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13
Q

Who was Charles Darwin

A

Proposed that all species of life descended from a common ancestor, and developed the theory of natural selection

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14
Q

What is natural selection

A

Existing species result from modifications. Traits that favour reproductive success become more common in a population over time

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15
Q

What is “Variation in traits”

A

Heritable traits passed from parent to offspring

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16
Q

What is a mutation

A

Heritable change in genetic

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17
Q

Where is most of the DNA in the cell

A

the nucleus

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18
Q

What is vertical descent

A

Genetic material (DNA) passed down across generation, Occurs within lineage

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19
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

Genes transferred between organism. E.G antibiotic resistance

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20
Q

What are cells

A

simplest functional unit of a living organism

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21
Q

What was the cell theory (mid 1800s)

A

All living organism are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest unit of life. New cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division

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22
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded and has a single nucleobase

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23
Q

What are the cell types (general)

A

Prokaryotic, animal. plant, eukaryotic

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24
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA + histones

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25
Q

What are histones

A

Proteins that support the DNA

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26
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells lack internal compartmentalization, does not have a membrane enclosed nucleus

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27
Q

What does the Rough ER

A

Proteins packaged into membrane vesicles

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28
Q

What type of proteins are synthesized through the RER

A

Ribosomes/RNA

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29
Q

What does the Smooth ER do

A

Detoxification, calcium storage

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30
Q

What does the Golgi Complex do

A

Processing, modification, sorting and secreting molecules produced in that cell. Passed out of the cell at the cell membrane

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31
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Transports proteins, gasses, and mechanisms in and out of the cell. Semi permiable

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32
Q

what is ACE-2 receptor

A

A protein complex in the plasma membrane

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33
Q

How does a virus first enter the cell

A

Binds to ACE-2 receptors, flows together with the plasma membrane and welcomes it to the host cell

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34
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Supplies the cell with ATP

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35
Q

What does a chloroplast do

A

Photosynthesis< captures light energy and makes glucose

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36
Q

What is cytosol

A

Site of many metabolic pathways, breaks down complex molecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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37
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do

A

Protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement

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38
Q

What Is chromatin

A

A complex of protein and DNA

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39
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A

Site for ribosome subunit assembly

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40
Q

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell

A

Nucleoid region

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41
Q

What is “cytogenetics”

A

The cytological approach to genetics, mainly involving microscopic studies of chromosome

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42
Q

What is Transmission Genetics

A

The study of the mechanisms involved in the passages of genes from one generation to the next

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43
Q

What is Population Genetics

A

The study of variation at the genetic level among a group of individuals

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44
Q

What is quantitive trait genetics

A

A quantitive trait is a measurable trait that shows continuous variation and cannot be classified into a few discrete classes

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45
Q

What is molecular genetics

A

The study of the molecular processes underlying gene structure and function

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46
Q

What is Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modifications of gene expression rather that alteration of the genetic code itself

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47
Q

What are the four criteria necessary for genetic material

A

Information
replication
transmission
variation

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48
Q

What are nucleotides

A

The building blocks of DNA and RNA

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49
Q

What is a double helix

A

Th two strands of DNA

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50
Q

What is a genome

A

the complete complement of genetic material in an organism

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51
Q

What is central dogma

A

Replication(DNA)
Transcription(DNA to RNA)
Translation (RNA to proteins)

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52
Q

What do the other 22 pairs of chromosomes determine and what are these pairs called

A

Autosomes, and the determine Things like hair and colour or our eye colour

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53
Q

What are chromosomes made out of

A

Genes that carry genetic information, which are made of a sections of long molecule called DNA

54
Q

What are diploid pairs

A

Humans have 23 pairs

55
Q

What are haploids

A

gametes have One copy of each chromosome

56
Q

What are the three phases of interphase of mitosis

A

G1, S phase and G2 Phase

57
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

G1: Cell growth occurs. if the cell passes the restriction point (G1 checkpoint) it is committed to enter S phase

58
Q

What happens in S phase

A

Chromosome replicates, Two copies stay joined to each other and are called sister chromatids

59
Q

What happens during G2 phase

A

Cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis is and cytokinesis

60
Q

What makes a cell decide to divide

A

Environmental conditions, signalling molecules
Cell cycle control molecules
checkpoints

61
Q

What are checkpoint proteins called

A

cyclins or cyclin dependant kinases

62
Q

What are cyclins or (cdks) do

A

They are responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle

63
Q

What are the three checkpoints in Eukaryotes

A

G1,G2,metaphase checkpoint

64
Q

What are chromatids

A

Identical copies of DNA associated proteins

65
Q

Where are chromatids associated (location)

A

nucleus

66
Q

What is the kinetochore

A

the location where the two chromatids attach making the centromere of the chromosome

67
Q

What does the mitotic spindle do

A

Ensures that each daughter cell will obtain the correct number and types of chromosomes

68
Q

What is a mitotic spindle responsible for

A

for organizing and sorting the chromosomes and is composed of microtubles

69
Q

How is a spindle formed

A

by microtubules

70
Q

What are the three types of microtubules

A

Astral microtubules-position spindle in cell
Polar microtubules- separate two poles
Kinetochore microtubules-Attached to kinetochore bound to centromeres

71
Q

What is Interphase

A

Phase of cell cycle during which the chromosomes are decondensed and found in the nucleus (G1, S, G2)

72
Q

What are the phases in Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
telophase
73
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

After the mitosis cell cycle, it is the division into the two daughter cells

74
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Chromosomes have already replicated and are joined as pairs of sister chromatids. Chromatids condense into highly compacted structures

75
Q

What happens during prometaphase

A

Nuclear envolope completely fragments

Mitotic spindle forms

76
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A

Pairs of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway between the poles called the metaphase plate

77
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A

Connections broken between sister chromatids. Each individual chromatid is linked to only one pole by kinetochore microtubules

78
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense. Nuclear membranes now re form to produce two separate nuclei

79
Q

What is mitosis always followed by

A

Cytokinesis

80
Q

What is the cytokinesis process called for an animal cell

A

Cleavage furrow

81
Q

what is the cytokinesis process called for a plant cell

A

Cell plate awl forms

82
Q

What is Meiosis

A

The process by which haploid cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid

83
Q

What are the two differences in Meiosis and Mitosis

A

Homologous pairs from bivalent or tetrad

Crossing over

84
Q

What happens when bivalent forms

A

When two pairs of sister chromatids stick together, this happens before crossing over occurs

85
Q

What are the phases of meiosis

A 
Prophase 1
Prometaphase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis
End of meiosis 1: two haploid cells
All of the above but round two
86
Q

What happens in prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condens, bivalents form

87
Q

What happens in pro metaphase 1

A

Spindle apparatus complete, chromatids attach to kinetochore microtubles

88
Q

What happens in metaphase 1

A

Bivalents organized along metaphase plate as a double row

89
Q

What happens in anaphase 1

A

Segregation of homologs occur, chromatids migrate to one poles, while homologous pair moves to opposite pole

90
Q

What happens in Telophase 1 an cytokinesis

A

The chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelope reforms.

91
Q

What happens in prophase 2

A

Sister chromatids condense, and the spindle starts to form. the nuclear envelope begins to dissociate into vesicles

92
Q

What happens in pro metaphase 2

A

The nuclear envelope completely dissociates into vesicles. Sister chromatids attach to the spindle

93
Q

What happens in Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate, each pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles

94
Q

What happens in anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate and individual chromosome move toward the poles as kinetochore

95
Q

What happens in telophase 2

A

Chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear, envelope re forms. cleavage furrows separate the 2 cells into 4 cells

96
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical
Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells

97
Q

What is a a centrosome, centriole, centromere

A

Centrosome- Pairs of centrioles
centriole- organizing microtubles
centromere_ where the two chromatid strands attach

98
Q

what is a zygote

A

two haploid gametes unite

99
Q

What is the normal number of chromosomes called (2 sets)

A

Euploid

100
Q

What is polyploid

A

3 or more sets of chromosomes

101
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of a particular chromosome

102
Q

What is Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division and can produce aneuploid gametes during meiosis

103
Q

What is Mendels 1st important idea

A

traits are dominant and recessive

104
Q

What is Mendels 2nd idea

A

A gene has two variant forms or alleles

105
Q

What was menders 3rd idea

A

two copies of a gene segregate from each other during the transmission from parent to offspring

106
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic composition of an individual

107
Q

What is a Phenotype

A

Physical or behavioural characteristics that are the result of gene expression

108
Q

What is the Law of Assortment

A

Alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation

109
Q

In humans which chromosome is larger and carries more

A

the X chromosome

110
Q

What is simple mendelian Inheritance

A

Alleles are dominant and recessive

111
Q

What is Pleiotropy

A

A mutation in a single gene can have multiple effects on an individuals phenotype

112
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygote shows intermediate phenotype, where neither allele is dominant

113
Q

what is Codominance

A

Multiple alleles

114
Q

What plays a vital role on a phenotype

A

the environment

115
Q

What is Gene interaction

A

A single trait is controlled by two or more genes, each of which has two or more alleles

116
Q

What are the two types of traits

A

Discrete and quaantative

117
Q

What is a discrete trait

A

Clearly defined phenotype variants

118
Q

What is a quantitive traits

A

Majority of traits

119
Q

what is “probability” in genetics

A

The change that an event will have a particular

120
Q

How do you calculate the probability

A

of times an event occurs/ Total number of possible outcomes

121
Q

What is DNA methylation

A

Methyl marks added to certain DNA bases repress gene activity. it silences gene expression

122
Q

What is Histone modifications

A

A combination of different molecules can attach to the “tails” of proteins called histones

123
Q

What is epigenetic 1

A

genomic imprinting- Offspring express either mom or dads copy of the gene but not both
e.g insulin growth factor

124
Q

What is epigenetics 2

A

X-Chromosome inactivation- in embryonic development, one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each cell

125
Q

What is epigenetic 3

A

Effects of the environment– agouti mice

BPA- disrupted methylation patterns

126
Q

What is mendelian inheritance

A

Genes are passed unaltered from cell to cell and across generation. The genes obey menders laws of segregation. For crosses involving two or more genes.

127
Q

What is Non mendelian inheritance

A

Epigenetic- Genes passed to offspring are altered not as a change in gene sequence but as a change in gene expression

128
Q

What are two mechanisms for genomic imprinting

A

DNA methylation, histone modifications

129
Q

What is linkage

A

When two genes that are close together on a chromosome are transmitted as a unit

130
Q

What is a linkage group

A

Genes that usually stay together during meiosis

131
Q

What is genetic mapping

A

The study of the arrangement of genes in a species genome

Biology 1013 (9 decks)

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