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Living Environment > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cell

A

Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells, full of hemoglobin (iron), no nucleus,

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2
Q

White blood cells

A

fights pathogens, protects body from diseases, contains a nucleus

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3
Q

Platelets

A

helps blood clot

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4
Q

Veins

A

Elastic, full of valves to prevent backwards blood flow, usually brings deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell thick, allows for gas exchange and molecules to enter or exit blood flow

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6
Q

Arteries

A

Strong, under high pressure from heartbeat, usually bring oxygenated blood from heart to body

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7
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

Cells need ATP to preform life functions

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8
Q

Nutrition

A

The ability to obtain and process food

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9
Q

Growth

A

The ability to make new cells, get bigger

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10
Q

Regulation

A

Coordinate and control body
(endocrine and nervous systems)

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11
Q

Respiration

A

Making energy from food

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12
Q

Reproduction

A

create offspring

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13
Q

Excretion

A

Remove toxic/metabolic wastes from the body

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14
Q

Synthesis/assimilation

A

To make and use materials needed for the body

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15
Q

Transport

A

to circulate materials within the body

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

To keep the internal environment stable

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the life functions

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18
Q

Cell theory

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization, All living things are made up of cells

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19
Q

Exceptions to cell theory

A

Mitochondria, chloroplast, first cell, viruses

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20
Q

Which variable is measured?

A

Dependent

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21
Q

Which variable is changed?

A

Independent

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22
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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23
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis, found on rough endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transports materials around the cell, packs protiens

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Holds all organelles in place

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26
Q

Centioles

A

Only in animal cells, aids in reproduction

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27
Q

Lysosome

A

only in animal cells, contain enzymes that break down nutrients

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28
Q

Chloroplast

A

Only in plant cells, converts sunlight to energy

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Converts food to ATP, makes energy

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30
Q

Active transport

A

Low–>high, against concentration gradient, uses energy, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis,

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31
Q

Passive transport

A

High–>low, follows concentration gradient, energy is not used, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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32
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell swells as water rushes in, if distilled water is added to a cell

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33
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell shrivels/shrinks as water leaves, if salt solution is added to a cell

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34
Q

Water flows into the solution with ____ water
(Low to high or high to low)

A

less, high to low because it is osmosis which is passive transport

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35
Q

All macromolecules are… Organic or Inorganic?
Why?

A

Organic because they all contain Carbon and Hydrogen

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36
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Monomer is monosaccharide, function is short term energy, structure is a hexagon, CHO

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37
Q

Lipid

A

Monomer is 3 fatty acids and one glycerol (E), functions are long term energy and insulation, CHO

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38
Q

Neucleic acids

A

Monomer is nucleotide, functions are to store hereditary information, RNA, DNA, CHONP

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39
Q

Protien

A

Monomer is amino acid, functions are to support and protect body and make hormones, enzymes, makes up cell membrane, CHON

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40
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding a water molecule to break up a compound

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41
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removing a water molecule to bind 2 compounds together, produces 1 H2O and 1 compound

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42
Q

Can starch leave the cell?

A

No because it is too large to fit through the cell membrane

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43
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the ___

A

mouth (amylase) and Small intestine

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44
Q

Protein digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the ___

A

Stomach (rennin, pepsin) and SI

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45
Q

Where is energy stored

A

In chemical bonds

46
Q

Lipid digestion begins in the __ and ends in the ___

A

Small Intestine, Small intestine

47
Q

How do proteins differ?

A

Number and sequence of amino acids, shape, function

48
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed in digestion?

A

Villi of small Intestine

49
Q

What digestion takes place in the large Intestine?

A

Mechanical- some water is absorbed and wastes are formed into feces

50
Q

Peristalsis

A

Occurs in esophagus and intestines, smooth muscle moves food down digestive tract in involuntary contractions

51
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins, speed up rate of reactions, affected by temp, pH, concentration of solution, can be denatured by pH outside of optimal pH and won’t be able to work again

52
Q

Right side of heart

A

Deoxygenated, blood comes from body thru sup and inf vena cava, to right atrium, thru bicuspid valve, thru right ventricle, out thru pulmonary artery to lungs

53
Q

Left side of heart

A

Oxygenated, blood comes from lungs and leaves to go to body through the aorta

54
Q

Locomotion

A

the ability to move from place to place

55
Q

Tendons

A

Tough connective tissue, muscles–>bones

56
Q

Ligaments

A

Elastic, strong connective tissue, bone–>bone

57
Q

Cartilige

A

Flexible tissue that cushions joints and absorbs impacts, found in ears and nose also

58
Q

Bones

A

work as anchors for muscle or act upon, support and protect the body

59
Q

Muscles

A

work in pairs to move bones

60
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, not striated

61
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated, branching, controls heartbeat

62
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated, allows animals to move

63
Q

Order of respiratory system in lungs

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

64
Q

Alveoli

A

small sacs in lungs, wrapped in capillaries to allow for oxygen to exchange with carbon dioxide

65
Q

If salt water is added to a cell, it will ___

A

Shrivel because it is a hypertonic solution so the water will leave

66
Q

What is more acidic, stomach or Small Intestine

A

Stomach- pH is 2 or 3

67
Q

White blood cells work to protect the body by

A

recognizing antigens present on invaders

68
Q

Peptide bonds are found in

69
Q

Iodine tests for

A

starch and it turns purple if starch is present

70
Q

Benedict solution tests for

A

Glucose and will change from blue to red/orange

71
Q

Aerobic resp

A

Glucose+oxygen–> Carbon Dioxide+36 ATP+water

72
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose–> 2 pyruvic acids–> 2 lactic acids+ 2 ATP

73
Q

What are the end products of Aerobic respiration?

A

36 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 H2O

74
Q

Alcohol fermentation (can’t be undone)

A

C6H12O6 (Glucose) –> 2 C3H6O3 (Pyruvic acids)
–> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

75
Q

ATP vs ADP

A

ATP has 3 phosphates and once the bond between phosphate 2 and 3 is broken, energy is released and it turns into ADP

76
Q

Role of Skin

A

Sweat out wastes and regulate body temperature

77
Q

Liver

A

filters blood, removes toxic wastes, makes urea, makes bile

78
Q

Kidney

A

filters wastes (urea, some water, some salt) from blood,

79
Q

Loop of henle

A

The point in the nephrons where some water, some salt, glucose are reabsorbed back into the blood

80
Q

Glomerulus

A

Stops protein from entering nephron, first site of filtration in kidneys

81
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus, filters blood

82
Q

Prophase

A

first phase of mitosis, chromosomes become chromatin, spindle fibers form, nucleus membrane dissolves

83
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatin all line up at center of cell and are connected to spindle fibers

84
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull chromatin to the poles of the cell, centrioles travel to poles of cells

85
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms, The cell splits into 2 equal sized genetically identical cells

86
Q

How is a synapse bridged?

A

A neurotransmitter is sent from the axon terminal to the dendrite of a post synaptic neuron

87
Q

If you burned your hand, how would you react

A

A reflex= you wouldn’t think about it, your body would immediately do it
Your receptors on your hand would send a message to the sensory Neuron, then to the interneuron, then the motor neurons would move your hand

88
Q

Interneuron

A

Send messages between motor and sensory neurons

89
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal cord

90
Q

Cerebellum

A

Bottom of brain, responsible for coordination and balance

91
Q

Cerebrum

A

Center for thoughts, memory, and all voluntary actions

92
Q

Medulla

A

Under brain, controls all involuntary actions

93
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

buildup of lactic acid in muscles

94
Q

Digestion is a ____ reaction

A

hydrolysis

95
Q

Examples of mechanical digestion

A

chew (mouth), Churn (stomach), forming feces (Large int)

96
Q

Examples of chemical Digestion

A

Amylase/saliva (mouth), HCL (stomach), Bile (small int)

97
Q

Bile

A

Made by liver and stored in gallbladder, helps emulsify (break down into droplets) fats/lipids

98
Q

HCL (hydrochloric acid)

A

produced by stomach lining, very acidic, breaks down food, activates enzymes, kills bad bacteria

99
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes enzymes and secretes them into the digestive tracts (chemical Digestion)

100
Q

Too many WBC cause

101
Q

Not enough RBC causes

102
Q

No platelets would cause your blood to

A

Not clot and you could bleed out easily

103
Q

The cellular process which uses oxygen and sugar to produce energy is called

A

Cellular respiration

104
Q

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are

A

opposite chemical equations

105
Q

Graduated cylindar

A

used to measure volume

106
Q

balance

A

measures mass

107
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides (ex: starch)

108
Q

Gogli bodies

A

Modify protiens,

109
Q

lysosomes

A

only in animal cells, makes enzymes

110
Q

WHat makes up the cell membrane?

A

Lipids and protiens

Living Environment (6 decks)

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