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Human Comp Interaction > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Since design is inherently _________ and ________ , interactive system designers must blend knowledge of technical feasibility with a mystical esthetic sense of what attracts users.

A. creative, unpredictable
B. organizational, usable
C. transformational, transformative D. discoverable, transitional

A

A. creative, unpredictable

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2
Q

________ has evolved into a recognized discipline with maturing practices and a growing set of standards. It focuses on making human-computer interfaces that have high usability or user-friendliness.

A. HCI
B. Usability engineering
C. UI expert
D. Design process

A

B. Usability engineering

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3
Q

Find the one that belongs to something other than design characterization defined by Carroll and Rosson (1985)?

A. Design is a state.
B. The design process is nonhierarchical.
C. The design process is radically transformational.
D. Design intrinsically involves the discovery of new goals.

A

A. Design is a state.

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4
Q

Successful user interfaces should follow the four pillars of design. Find the one that does not belong to the four pillars of design.

A. User Interface Requirements
B. Guidelines documents & processes
C. User-interface software tools
D. Usability Engineering
E. Expert reviews and usability testing

A

D. Usability Engineering

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5
Q

Based on following the four pillars of design, we are planning to perform “User Interface Requirements” process. What method should we follow to identify user interface requirements?

A. Ethnographic Observation
B. Prototype design
C. Expert review
D. Usability Testing

A

A. Ethnographic Observation

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6
Q

Ethnographic observation is to identify and observe the user community in action. It consists of four steps. Find the one that does not belong to the four steps.

A. Preparation
B. Prototype design
C. Field Study
D. Analysis
E. Reporting

A

B. Prototype design

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6
Q

Closely observing and studying a particular culture or group in order to better understand the customs, social structure, and habits of the people is critical for designing successful user interfaces. What do we call this study?

A

Ethnographic Observation

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7
Q

Why must we conduct ethnographic observation to design successful user interfaces?

A

ethnographic observation must be conducted because it helps identify and observe the user community in action

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8
Q

Ethnographic observation consists of four steps - preparation, field study, analysis, and reporting. Find an incorrect description (explanation) about each step.

A. Preparation focuses on understanding organization policies and work culture.
B. Field study indicates that observing/interviewing users in their workplace and collect subjective/objective quantitative/qualitative data.
C. Analysis represents the study of identifying audiences and goals.
D. Reporting is considered as a preparation of a report and presenting the findings

A

C. Analysis represents the study of identifying audiences and goals.

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9
Q

Ethnographic observation consists of four steps - preparation, field study, analysis, and reporting. Find an incorrect description (explanation) about each step.

A. Preparation focuses on Understand organization policies and work culture.
B. Field study indicates that familiarizing ourselves with work environment and its history.
C. Analysis represents the study of compiling the collected data in numerical, textual, and multimedia databases.
D. Reporting is considered as a preparation of a report and presenting the findings

A

B. Field study indicates that familiarizing ourselves with work environment and its history.

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10
Q

In the four pillars of design, the 2nd pillar represents “guidelines documents & processes”. In the pillar, Four Es (Education, Enforcement, Exemption, and Enhancement) are considered important steps for guideline creation and utilization. Find an incorrect description?

A. Education - User’s of guidelines need training and chance to discuss guidelines.
B. Enforcement - Timely and clear process necessary to verify that an interface adheres to guidelines.
C. Exemption - When creative ideas or new technologies are used, rapid process for gaining exemption is needed.
D. Enhancement - Iterative process for rebuilding guidelines up to date.

A

D. Enhancement - Iterative process for rebuilding guidelines up to date.

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11
Q

In the four pillars of design, the 2nd pillar represents “guidelines documents & processes”. Find the one that does not need to be considered.

A. Terminology, shapes of icons, and graphics should be determined.
B. Screen-layout issues (such as menu selection, error messages, and etc.) need to be considered.
C. Action sequences should be identified.
D. Communication method(s) with users needs to be formatted.

A

D. Communication method(s) with users needs to be formatted.

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11
Q

________________ is a process that outlines the phases throughout a design and development life-cycle all while focusing on gaining a deep understanding of who will be using the product. With this approach, it is possible for us to design user interfaces that generating fewer problems, resulting in faster performance and reducing user errors. Since it focuses on designing user interfaces based on understanding users, tasks, and environments, it can help organizations align system functionality with their business needs and priorities.

A

User-centered design

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11
Q

Expert reviews and usability testing is considered important step in the design process (considering the four pillars of design). Find a correct description about the usability testing method.

A. Alpha test - A test among yourselves (the teams) to confirm that your product works.
B. Beta test - The final phase of software design in which a sampling of the intended audience tries the product out.
C. Pilot test - A final phase test to test if the product is error free.

A

A. Alpha test - A test among yourselves (the teams) to confirm that your product works.

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12
Q

Many software development projects fail to achieve their goals because there is poor communication between developers and their business clients or between developers and their users. Find the solution that can help us avoid this failure.

A. Usability testing
B. User-centered design
C. Expert review
D. User engineering

A

B. User-centered design

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12
Q

Based on the four pillars of design, we need to consider utilizing user-interface software tools. Explain why?

A

User-interface tools give a realistic impression of what the final system will look like.

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13
Q

Find the one that has an incorrect explanation about User-Centered Design (UCD)?

A. It is considered as an iterative design process
B. It basically focuses on understanding users and tasks
C. Users are continuously being involved in analyzing tasks
D. Every prototype is evaluated somehow

A

C. Users are continuously being involved in analyzing tasks

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14
Q

_______ was developed recently to further improve upon User-Centered Design (UCD) and to optimize it for ebusiness on demand.

A. User Engineering (UE)
B. Contextual design
C. Usability engineering
D. Ethnographic observation

A

A. User Engineering (UE)

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15
Q

_______ is a user-centered design process developed by Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt. It incorporates ethnographic (observational) methods for gathering data relevant to the product via field studies, rationalizing workflows, and designing human-computer interfaces.

A. Usability engineering
B. Contextual design
C. Direct manipulation
D. Ethnographic observation

A

B. Contextual design

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16
Q

As a part of the Rapid Contextual Design process, _______ indicates that the vision guides the detailed redesign of user tasks using pictures and graphs to describe the initial user-interface concepts, business rules, and automation assumptions.

A. Contextual inquiry
B. Personas
C. Visioning
D. Storyboarding
E. User environment design

A

D. Storyboarding

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16
Q

As a part of the Rapid Contextual Design process, _______ focuses on reviewing and “walking” the consolidated data, sharing the personas created.

A. Contextual inquiry
B. Personas
C. Visioning
D. Storyboarding
E. User environment design

A

C. Visioning

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17
Q

Find the one that does not belong to Ethnographic Observation.

A. Preparation
B. Review
C. Field Study
D. Analysis
E. Reporting

A

B. Review

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18
Q

Describe the difference between Ethnographic Observation and Participatory Design.

A

Ethnographic Observation closely observes a particular culture or group.

Participatory design is the direct involvement of people in the design process.

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19
Q

____________ is the direct involvement of people in the collaborative design of the things and technologies they use. Known before as “Cooperative Design.”

A

Participatory design

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20
Q

Find a negative side of using the participatory design.

A. It helps find more accurate information about tasks.
B. It provides more opportunity for users to influence design decisions a sense of participation that builds users’ ego investment in successful implementation.
C. It helps increase user acceptance of final system.
D. It builds antagonism with people not involved or whose suggestions rejected.

A

D. It builds antagonism with people not involved or whose suggestions rejected.

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21
Q

Describe why we should consider legal issues when conducting a design process.

A

We should consider legal issues to avoid potential controversies such as copyright infringement and plagiarism.

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22
Q

There is an artwork (came out in 2016) that does not have any copyright notice. Based on the copyright law, it is allowed for you to use the work freely.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

23
Q

If anyone would like to have a work to be copyrighted, she needs to register with the U.S. Copyright Office formally.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

24
Q

As a software engineer, you plan to find software libraries that have open-source/free licenses to build commercial software. You identified two known open-source licenses (GNU GPL license and MIT license). Explain the difference between them and determine what license you should use.

A

The GNU GPL requires any modified versions of the software to also be open-source, while the MIT License allows you to use, change, and sell the software, even in closed-source projects. The MIT License is better for commercial use because it has fewer rules.

25
Q

____________ is any intangible asset that consists of human knowledge and ideas. However, it is important to note that most assets cannot be recognized on a balance sheet when internally generated since it is very difficult to value ______________ assets objectively.

A

Intellectual property

26
Q

Explain the difference between plagiarism and copyright infringement.

A

Plagiarism is a term for an academic crime when one takes ownership of someone else’s work.

Copyright infringement is when one makes unauthorized use of material that is protected by copyright law.

27
Q

We are planning to conduct usability testing. Find the one that does not need to be determined in planning the evaluation study.

A. stage of design (early, middle, late)
B. novelty of project (well defined vs. exploratory)
C. number of expected users
D. recruiting experts

A

D. recruiting experts

28
Q

When evaluating user-interfaces, we should be careful of following certain procedures. Find the one that is an incorrect description about the procedures that we need to follow when evaluating user-interfaces.

A. Usability evaluators must broaden their methods and be open to non-empirical methods, such as user sketches, consideration of design alternatives, and ethnographic studies.
B. Recommendations needs to be based on observational findings.
C. The design team needs not to be involved with research on the current system design drawbacks.
D. The range of evaluation plans might be anywhere from an ambitious two-year test with multiple phases for a new national air-traffic control system to a three-day test with six users for a small internal web site.
E. Usability testing has become an established and accepted part of the design process.

A

C. The design team needs not to be involved with research on the current system design drawbacks.

29
Q

While informal demos to colleagues or customers can provide some useful feedback, more formal expert reviews have proven to be effective. Find the one that has an incorrect description about expert reviews.

A. Expert reviews entail one-half day to one week effort, although a lengthy training period may sometimes be required to explain the task domain or operational procedures.
B. Expert reviews can be scheduled at several points in the development process when experts are available and when the design team is ready for feedback.
C. Inviting one or two expert reviewers would be sufficient enough for initiating expert reviews.
D. Even experienced expert reviewers have great difficulty knowing how typical users, especially first-time users will really behave.

A

C. Inviting one or two expert reviewers would be sufficient enough for initiating expert reviews.

30
Q

Although formal expert reviews have proven to be effective for evaluating interface designs, there might be some limitations in expert reviews. Explain the limitations.

A

Expert reviewers may not have the best understanding of the user community

31
Q

Often informal demos can provide some useful feedback. However, formal expert reviews have proven to be more effective than informal demos. Find the one that does not belong to expert reviews.

A. Heuristic evaluation
B. Guidelines review
C. Consistency inspection
D. Cognitive walkthrough
E. Understanding human ability

A

E. Understanding human ability

32
Q

__________ is a usability inspection method for computer software that helps to identify usability problems in the user interface (UI) design.

A. Heuristic evaluation
B. Guidelines review
C. Consistency inspection
D. Cognitive walkthrough
E. Formal usability inspection

A

A. Heuristic evaluation

33
Q

The evaluation process requires that a small set of testers (or “evaluators”) examine the interface, and judge its compliance with recognized usability principles (the “heuristics”). A major advantage of this evaluation process is that it provides some quick and relatively inexpensive feedback to designers. But, it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience to apply heuristics effectively. What do we call this evaluation process?

A. Heuristic evaluation
B. Guidelines review
C. Consistency inspection
D. Cognitive walkthrough
E. Formal usability inspection

A

A. Heuristic evaluation

34
Q

Identify the one that has an incorrect explanation about heuristic evaluation.

A. It is a usability inspection method for computer software that helps to identify usability problems in the user interface (UI) design.
B. It is performed by having more than one evaluator inspect the interface alone.
C. It is a discount usability engineering method for quick, cheap, and easy evaluation of a user interface design.
D. It is a form of usability inspection where usability specialists judge whether each element of a user interface follows a list of established usability heuristics.

A

B. It is performed by having more than one evaluator inspect the interface alone.

35
Q

Heuristic evaluation was developed by Jacob Nielsen in the early 1990s. It mainly performs an evaluation based on ________ distilled from an empirical analysis of 249 usability problems. These _______ have been revised for current technology. Often, design guidelines form a basis for developing __________.

A

heuristics

36
Q

_________ is a more formal analysis based on code walkthroughs. Specifically, it evaluates a user interface in terms of identifying graphics, text, and interaction discrepancies.

A. Heuristic evaluation
B. Guidelines review
C. Consistency inspection
D. Cognitive walkthrough
E. Formal usability inspection

A

C. Consistency inspection

37
Q

One of the expert reviews (metaphors of human thinking) focuses on considering metaphors for five aspects of human thinking. Find the one that does not belong to these five aspects of human thinking.

A. Habit
B. Stream of thought
C. Awareness and Associations
D. Relation between utterances and thought
E. Understanding

A

E. Understanding

38
Q

___________ is a more formal analysis based on code walkthroughs. In this evaluation method, expert(s) are asked to inspect consistency within an application. Evaluating and improving a user interface is performed both within a screen and between screens, in graphics (color, typography, layout, icons), text (tone, style, spelling), and interaction (consistency of task steps and command names).

A

Consistency inspection

39
Q

___________ is a reasonably comprehensive expert analysis, focused on psychological aspects of interface. Specifically, it focuses on understanding how well the interface supports “exploratory learning,” i.e., first-time use without formal training. It involves one or a group of evaluators inspecting a user interface by going through a set of tasks and evaluating its understandability and ease of learning.

A

Cognitive walkthrough

40
Q

___________ is an evaluation that experts consider metaphors for five aspects of human thinking. It appears better than cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation.

A

Metaphors of human thinking

41
Q

Find the one that does not have the correct description about expert reviews.

A. Heuristic evaluation is the most informal method and involves having usability specialists judge whether each dialogue element follows established usability principles (the “heuristics”).
B. Cognitive walkthrough uses a more explicitly detailed procedure to simulate a user’s problem-solving process at each step through the dialogue, checking if the simulated user’s goals and memory content can be assumed to lead to the next correct action.
C. Pluralistic walkthrough uses group meetings where users, developers, and human factors people step through a scenario, discussing each dialogue element.
D. Consistency inspection has designers who represent multiple other projects inspect an interface to see whether it does things in the same way as their own designs.
E. Formal usability inspection combines individual and group inspections in a six-step procedure with freely defined roles to with elements of both heuristic evaluation and a simplified form of cognitive walkthroughs.

A

E. Formal usability inspection combines individual and group inspections in a six-step procedure with freely defined roles to with elements of both heuristic evaluation and a simplified form of cognitive walkthroughs.

42
Q

Guidelines review is similar to a heuristic evaluation, but uses a set of user interface ___________ instead of a set of heuristics.

A

guidelines

42
Q

Describe how User Testing is far more accurate than Heuristic Evaluation.

A

User testing takes into account actual users and tasks. HE may miss problems & find “false positives”

43
Q

Find the one that does not have the correct description about Usability Testing.

A. The emergence of usability testing and laboratories since the early 1980s.
B. Usability testing not only sped up many projects but that it produced dramatic cost savings.
C. The movement towards usability testing stimulated the construction of usability laboratories.
D. A typical modest usability lab would have two 10 by 10 foot areas, one for the participants to do their work and another, separated by a half-silvered mirror, for the testers and observers.
E. Participants should not be chosen to represent the intended user communities.

A

E. Participants should not be chosen to represent the intended user communities.

44
Q

Various forms of usability testing have been formed and tested by researchers. Find the one that is not an example of usability testing.

A. Paper mockups
B. Repetitive usability testing
C. Universal usability testing
D. Remote usability testing
E. Can-you-break-this tests

A

B. Repetitive usability testing

45
Q

If you have a tight budget, what usability testing should be considered?

A. Paper mockups
B. Discount usability testing
C. Universal usability testing
D. Remote usability testing
E. Can-you-break-this tests

A

B. Discount usability testing

46
Q

If you focus on testing the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design, what usability testing should be utilized?

A. Paper mockups
B. Discount usability testing
C. Universal usability testing
D. Remote usability testing
E. Can-you-break-this tests

A

C. Universal usability testing

46
Q

Discount usability testing is the most effective usability testing method especially when we have a tight budget. Identify the one that has an incorrect description about the discount usability testing.

A. Most serious problems can be found with up to 6 testers.
B. Most serious problems can be found with up to 6 testers.
C. Good for formative evaluation to judge the worth of a program while the program activities are forming (in progress)
D. Not good for summative evaluation to judge the worth of a program at the end of the program activities (summation).
E. It also helps evaluate complex systems.

A

E. It also helps evaluate complex systems.

46
Q

Discount usability has three main components of discount usability. Identify the one that is not belonging to the main components.

A. Simplified user testing (thinking-aloud usability tests)
B. Narrowed-down prototypes (usually paper prototypes)
C. Heuristic evaluation
D. Ethnographic observation

A

D. Ethnographic observation

47
Q

As a form of usability testing, paper mockups are broadly used in evaluating prototype interfaces. Identify an incorrect description about the paper mockups.

A. Inexpensive usability testing.
B. Rapid usability testing.
C. Very productive method to design new user interfaces.
D. The most effective method to evaluate user interfaces.

A

D. The most effective method to evaluate user interfaces.

48
Q

_______ is a special type of usability study that compares designs from multiple companies in the same industry (ex, website comparison).

A

Competitive usability testing

49
Q

When we are performing an evaluation to identify a “user friendly” user interface, it is important to establish measurable criteria for the user interface. Find the one that does not belong to the measurable criteria for the user interface.

A. Time to learn specific functions
B. Speed of task performance
C. Rate of errors by users
D. Human understanding over time
E. Subjective user satisfaction

A

D. Human understanding over time

50
Q

Describe the meaning of Institutional Review Boards (IRB)?

A

a committee responsible for approving, monitoring, and reviewing research involving humans.

51
Q

Describe the difference between Within-Subjects evaluation and Between-Subjects evaluation.

A

Within-subjects a group of people sees the test signs

Between-subjects one group of people sees one set of signs and another group sees a different set of signs

51
Q

In usability testing, think-aloud protocol is often used to understand what participants are doing as they are performing the task. Explain the think-aloud protocol.

A

The think-aloud protocol is when participants say what they are thinking while they do a task. ex: “This is like…”

52
Q

For large implementation projects, the customer or manager usually sets objective and measurable goals for hardware and software performance. If the completed product fails to meet defined acceptance criteria, the system must be reworked until success is demonstrated. What do we call this test?

A. Acceptance Test
B. User survey
C. Usability testing
D. Cognitive walkthrough

A

A. Acceptance Test

53
Q

For large implementation projects, the customer or manager usually sets objective and measurable goals for hardware and software performance to conduct acceptance testing. Once the acceptance testing has been successfully completed, there may be a period of ___________ before national or international distribution.

A. user survey
B. field testing
C. usability testing
D. ethnographic observation

A

B. field testing

54
Q

For large implementation projects, acceptance testing needs to be performed. In the acceptance test, measurable criteria for the user interface can be established. Identify the one that is not part of the measurable criteria to be performed.

A. Time to learn specific functions
B. User friendly of user interfaces
C. Human retention of commands over time
D. Subjective user satisfaction

A

B. User friendly of user interfaces

55
Q

Controlled usability experiment(s) can be performed online as well. ___________ is a crowdsourcing Internet marketplace that enables computer programmers (known as Requesters) to coordinate the use of human intelligence to perform tasks that computers are currently unable to do.

A

Mechanical Turk

56
Q

_______________ is usually considered as a theoretical framework. But, it is broadly applied to scientific experiments because it can produce more fundamental results and support perceptual, cognitive, and motoric theories. Utilizing the experiments is often considered in user interface design because it can lead to a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles of human interaction with computers. It also can help fine-tune the human-computer interface of actively used systems.

A

Controlled Psychologically-oriented Experiments

57
Q

A continuous evaluation is critical to maintain the effectiveness of any designed user interface. Since designing a perfect user interface is not possible, a continuous evaluation is needed to improve the existing user interfaces by addressing any unknown (or unexpected) issues. Identify the one that is not a possible evaluation method to be used during active use.

A. Conducting user interviews and focus group discussions.
B. Continuous user-performance data logging.
C. Using various evaluation methods to collect users’ feedback.
D. Organizing usability testing to find any issues.

A

D. Organizing usability testing to find any issues.

58
Q

To support active-use evaluation on a designed system, various data need to be collected. Identify the one that is not a good example of the possible data to be collected.

A. Patterns of system usage
B. Speed of user performance
C. Rate of errors
D. Frequency of email request to get online assistance

A

D. Frequency of email request to get online assistance

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