Exam 1 Flashcards
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) combines knowledge and method with professionals in different research fields. Find the one that is not part of the professionals.
A. Psychologists
B. Computer Scientists
C. Human Factors and Ergonomics
D. Anthropologists and Sociologists
E. Physician
Physician
Based on ACM SIGCHI, human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation, and implementation of ___________________ for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.
A. interactive computing systems
B. software applications
C. generic systems
D. User-friendly systems
interactive computing systems
___________ is defined as the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object. __________ study is for identifying the usefulness of specific systems, applications, or user-interfaces.
A. Usability
B. Reliability
C. Portability
D. User-friendliness
User-friendliness
Usability study is for identifying the usefulness of specific systems, applications, or user-interfaces. To meet usability goals, it is important to perform requirements analysis. Find the one that does not belong to the goals for requirements analysis.
A. Ascertain the users’ needs.
B. Ensure proper reliability.
C. Promote appropriate standardization, integration, consistency, and portability.
D. Complete projects without worrying about budget.
Complete projects without worrying about budget.
To meet usability goals, it is important to perform requirements analysis. There are about four requirements to be analyzed. Find the one that is not quite related to ensuring reliability.
A. The system must not introduce errors (Bugs).
B. It is important to ensure the user’s privacy and data security by protecting against unwarranted access, destruction of data, and malicious tampering .
C. Supported actions must function as specified.
D. Compatibility across different product versions compatibility needs to be guaranteed.
Compatibility across different product versions compatibility needs to be guaranteed.
Why a systematic process is necessary for developing usable systems for specific users in a specific context?
because it ensures a deep understanding of user needs, allows for iterative testing, reduces risks, and promotes collaboration.
Find the one that does not belong to 5 human factors central to community (or usability) evaluation.
A. Time to learn
B. Speed of performance
C. Rate of errors by system
D. Retention over time
E. Subjective satisfaction
Rate of errors by system
Many interfaces are poorly designed. This is true across domains. But, there is enormous interest in interface usability. Depending on the type of system, we should consider different usability motivations. Find the one that is not important to consider when designing life-critical systems.
A. Cost
B. Reliability and effectiveness
C. Error-free performance
D. Subject satisfaction
Subject satisfaction
Find the one that is not quite important to be considered in designing office, home, and entertainment applications.
A. Cost
B. Ease of learning
C. Error-free performance
D. Subject satisfaction
Error-free performance
The standard ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations (2007) lists several concerns. Find the one that does not belong to the concerns.
A. Work-surface and display-support height
B. Clearance under work surface for legs
C. Work-surface height and depth
D. Adjustability of heights and angles for chairs and work surfaces
E. Posture - seating depth and angle; back-rest height and lumbar support
F. Availability of armrests, footrests, and palmrests
Work-surface height and depth
_________ addresses the needs of all users (physical abilities, cognitive and perceptual capabilities, personality, and cultural differences.)
Universal Usability ?
What do we call the human ability to interpret sensory input rapidly and to initiate complex actions that make modern computer systems possible?
Perceptual ability
_______ is a group of mental processes that includes attention, memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions. __________ is a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences.
A. Cognition
B. Perception
C. Long-term memory
D. Short-term memory
E. Reasoning
Cognition
__________ is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period.
A. Cognition
B. Perception
C. Long-term memory
D. Short-term memory
E. Reasoning
Short-term memory
__________ is the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises.
A. Cognition
B. Perception
C. Long-term memory
D. Short-term memory
E. Reasoning
Reasoning
Since people have personal differences, understanding and measuring psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions is important when designing usable interfaces. To measure the personality differences, we should use ________.
A. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
B. Psychological Measure
C. Usability Evaluation
D. Factor analysis
E. Reasoning
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
There are four pairs of preferences or dichotomies (psychological functions) based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Find the one that does not belong to the four pairs.
A. Extroversion versus introversion
B. Sensing versus intuition
C. Perceptive versus judging
D. Feeling versus thinking
E. Attitudes versus functions
Attitudes versus functions
Since there is cultural and international diversity, it is important to consider this diversity when designing userinterfaces. Find the one that is not related to this diversity.
A. Numeric and currency formats
B. National identification
C. Pluralization
D. Etiquette
E. Facial expression
Facial expression
________________ refers to the design of information and communications products and services that are usable for every citizen.
A. Universal usability
B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
C. Human Factors and Ergonomics
D. Etiquette
Universal usability
__________ is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.
Short-term memory
_______ is a group of mental processes that includes attention, memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions. __________ is a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences.
Cognition
Find the one that is an incorrect description of guidelines.
A. Guidelines use shared language to promote consistency.
B. Guidelines record best practices from practical experience.
C. Guidelines do not encapsulate experience.
D. Guidelines are hard to apply because of too specific and incomplete definitions.
Guidelines do not encapsulate experience.
____________ use shared language to promote consistency.
A. Guidelines
B. Theories
C. Events
D. Principles
Guidelines
Smith and Mosier (1986) offer five high-level goals as part of their guidelines for data display. Among them, _________ is important because users cannot remember
information from one screen for use on another screen.
A. Consistency
B. Efficient information assimilation by the user
C. Minimal memory load on the user
D. Flexibility for user control of data display
Minimal memory load on the user
Find the one that provides accessibility guidelines.
A. U.S. Rehabilitation Act.
B. National Cancer Institutes guidelines
C. Smith and Mosier’s five high-level goals
D. Shneiderman’s eight golden rules of interface design
U.S. Rehabilitation Act.
Find the one that does not belong to the accessibility
guidelines defined in the U.S. Rehabilitation Act. (Section
508)?
A. Text alternatives should be provided.
B. Time-based media is necessary to be used.
C. Information conveyed with color should also be conveyed without it.
D. Make web pages appear and operate in pleasant ways.
Make web pages appear and operate in pleasant ways.
When designing a website or a user-interface, we should consider getting the user’s attention. Based on the work by
Wickens and Hollands in 2000, find the one that does not help get the user’s attention.
A. Intensity - use two levels only, with limited use of high
intensity to draw attention.
B. Size - Use up to four sizes, with larger sizes attracting
more attention.
C. Choice of fonts - Use up to three fonts.
D. Color - Use up to ten standard colors, with additional colors reserved for occasional use.
Color - Use up to ten standard colors, with additional colors reserved for occasional use.
Based on the work by Wickens and Hollands in 2000, it is
important to use blink displays or blinking color changes
with great care and in limited areas. Identify the one that
explains the reason for this correctly.
A. Blinking displays can increase the user’s attention.
B. Blinking color changes are difficult to implement.
C. Blink displays can distract the user’s attention.
D. Blinking color changes are closely connected to the
requirement of using up to four standard colors.
Blink displays can distract the user’s attention.
Find the one that is not part of the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) guidelines for accessibility.
A. Provide a text equivalent for every non-text element.
B. For any time-based multimedia presentation,
synchronize equivalent [non-multimedia] alternatives.
C. Ensure that all information conveyed with color is also
available without color.
D. Provide a title for the main web frame only.
Provide a title for the main web frame only.
Principles are more fundamental, widely applicable, and
enduring than ______ because they are narrowly focused.
A. guidelines
B. theories
C. human’s understanding
D. user’s skill levels
guidelines
Based on the eight golden rules, why should we reduce
short-term memory load?
A. It is because of humans’ limited capacity for
information processing in short-term memory.
B. It is because humans’ understanding is limited.
C. It is because humans are not happy about reading too
much context.
D. It is because humans cannot recall what they have
learned.
It is because of humans’ limited capacity for
information processing in short-term memory.
Principles are more fundamental, widely applied, and
enduring than guidelines. To build a successful design,
two fundamental principles should be studied. Find the
two things.
A. Determine user’s skill levels and identify the tasks
B. Determine user’s skill levels and apply the eight golden
rules of interface design
C. Determine user’s skill levels and prevent errors
D. Prevent errors and identify the tasks
Determine user’s skill levels and identify the tasks
Principles are more fundamental, widely applied, and
enduring than guidelines. To build a successful design, understanding intended users and users’ skill levels is important. Explain why it is important.
You need to understand user skill level to have a better understanding of the user profile.
In fundamental principles, after carefully drawing the user
profile, the developers must identify the tasks to be
carried out. Specifically, _________ needs to be
performed. It usually involves long hours of observing
and interviewing users. However, this is important (it
needs to be completed before the design can proceed).
A. Task analysis
B. Usability understanding
C. Task-oriented evaluation
D. Theories
Task analysis
Find the one that has an incorrect description.
A. Indirect manipulation - Creating a visual representation
of the world of action to simplify the users’ tasks.
B. Menu selection - Users read a list of items, and select
the one most appropriate to their task.
C. Command languages - They provide a strong feeling of
being in control for frequent users.
D. Natural language - With this interaction, computers will
respond properly to arbitrary natural-language
sentences or phrases.
Indirect manipulation - Creating a visual representation
of the world of action to simplify the users’ tasks.
Find a disadvantage of using direct manipulation in
interface design.
A. Visually presents task concepts
B. Allows easy retention
C. May require graphics display and pointing devices
D. Affords high subjective satisfaction
May require graphics display and pointing devices
Among different interaction styles, ______ allows easy
support of error handling and reduces keystrokes. But, it
consumes screen space and requires a rapid display rate.
A. menu selection
B. direct manipulation
C. natural language
D. command language
menu selection
Among various interaction styles, menu selection
interaction style has numerous advantages and
disadvantages. Find the one that is not part of the
advantages.
A. Shortens learning
B. Reduces keystrokes
C. Allows easy support of error handling
D. Requires rapid display rate
Requires rapid display rate
Among different interaction styles, command language is still considered an important interaction style. Explain why?
command languages provide a strong feeling of being in control. It is flexible, appeals to “power” users, supports user initiative , and allows convenient creation of user-defined macros
Find the one that does not belong to Schneiderman’s
Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design.
A. Offer informative feedback
B. Permit easy reversal of actions
C. Cater to controllable usability
D. Support internal locus of control
Cater to controllable usability
Among the Schneiderman’s Eight Golden Rules of
Interface Design, supporting internal locus of control is important. Explain why?
Users desire the sense of being in charge of the interface. Users do not want surprises or changes in familiar behavior.
Find the one that does not provide a correct explanation
about the types of skills that might be necessary when
using designed user interfaces.
A. Motor skill is required for pointing with a mouse.
B. Perceptual skill is needed for finding an item on a
display.
C. Cognitive skill is needed for planning the sequence of
steps needed to complete a task with user interfaces.
D. Predictive skill is necessary for identifying what will
happen in user interfaces.
Predictive skill is necessary for identifying what will
happen in user interfaces.
Find the one that does not belong to the characteristics of
theories’.
A. Theories should be descriptive to help in developing
consistent terminologies.
B. Theories should be explanatory to describe sequences
of events.
C. Theories should be predictive to enable designers to
compare proposed designs for execution time, error
rates, conversion rates, or trust levels.
D. Theories should be combinatory to support both
guidelines and theories.
Theories should be combinatory to support both
guidelines and theories.
_________ is the ability to do things without occupying
the mind with low-level details required.
A. Perception
B. Automaticity
C. Cognition
D. Usability
E. Reasoning
Automaticity
Find an incorrect description of Taxonomy?
A. It orders a complex set of phenomena.
B. It facilitates useful comparisons.
C. It organizes novel products.
D. It guides designers.
It organizes novel products.
Find the one that does not belong to Norman’s seven
stages of action model.
A. Forming the goal
B. Forming the intention
C. Specifying the action
D. Executing the action
E. Perceiving the system outcome
Perceiving the system outcome
Find an incorrect description of Norman’s seven stages of
action model.
A. There are seven plus minus two stages of action.
B. The gap between the user’s intentions and the allowable
actions is called “gulf of execution.”
C. The mismatch between the system’s representation and
the user’s expectations is called “gulf of evaluation.”
D. Based on the Norman’s seven stages of action model,
good design should maintain four principles of
visibility, a good conceptual model, good mappings,
and feedback.
There are seven plus minus two stages of action.
Find the one that does not provide a correct explanation
about automation and human control.
A. Users should avoid routine, tedious, and error-prone
tasks by adding automation control.
B. Users should concentrate on the works such as making
critical decisions, coping with unexpected situations,
and planning future actions.
C. It would be good if we had a fully automatic air-traffic
control system.
D. Final goals of autonomous agents might include.
knowing user’s likes and dislikes.
It would be good if we had a fully automatic air-traffic
control system.
Find the one that does not belong to the four principles of
good design.
A. UI model and the action alternatives should be visible.
B. Should be a good conceptual model with a consistent
system image.
C. Interface should include good mappings that reveal the
relationships between stages.
D. User should receive continuous feedback.
UI model and the action alternatives should be visible.
_________ is a theory that argues that the contexts in
which human activity takes place - the time, the space,
and the place in the sequence of events are crucial to the
nature of that activity.
A. Taxonomy Theory
B. Automaticity Theory
C. Cognitive Theory
D. Contextual Theory
E. Stroop effect
Contextual Theory
_________ is a demonstration of interference in the
reaction time of a task.
A. Taxonomy Theory
B. Automaticity Theory
C. Cognitive Theory
D. Contextual Theory
E. Stroop effect
Stroop effect
A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. There are two important parts of the taxonomies that follow descriptive and explanatory theory.
Explain the difference between descriptive taxonomy and explanatory taxonomy.
Descriptive taxonomy: clarify terms, key concepts
Explanatory taxonomy : reveal relationships and processes
In personality psychology, researchers studied how
humans believe in the environment differently. In 1954,
Julian B. Rotter proposed a theory that explains the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events
that affect them. Identify the name of the theory.
A. Automaticity
B. Cognition
C. Locus of Control
D. Reasoning
Locus of Control
Both guidelines and principles focus on helping us by
simplifying our tasks. However, all the systems we are
designing cannot be 100% autonomous. Find why we
cannot make all systems autonomous and why humans should be involved.
because human judgment and contextual understanding are essential for navigating complex, unpredictable situations that machines cannot fully replicate.
From the Foley and van Dam four-level approach,
__________ describes the meanings conveyed by the
user’s command input and by the computer’s output
display.
A. conceptual level
B. semantic level
C. syntactic level
D. lexical level
semantic level
From the Foley and van Dam four-level approach,
__________ defines how the units (words) that convey
semantics are assembled into a complete sentence that
instructs the computer to perform a certain task.
A. conceptual level
B. semantic level
C. syntactic level
D. lexical level
syntactic level
From the Foley and van Dam four-level approach,
__________ deals with device dependencies and with the
precise mechanisms by which a user specifies the syntax.
A. conceptual level
B. semantic level
C. syntactic level
D. lexical level
lexical level
Based on the Foley and van Dam four-level approach,
moving a paragraph in a text editor software indicates
____________.
A. conceptual level
B. semantic level
C. syntactic level
D. lexical level
semantic level
_________ is the ability to do things without occupying
the mind with low-level details required.
Automaticity
A _____________ is a scheme of classification,
especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types.
taxonomy
__________ is a theory which argues that the contexts in which human activity takes place—the time, the space, and the place in the sequence of events—are crucial to the nature of that activity.
Contextual Theory
