Midterm Flashcards
Ion (cation and anion)
An element with an electrical charge because it gained or lost an electron (cation is “pawsitive”, anion is negatively charged)
Isotope (carbon-12, c-13, c-11?)
An atom with more neutrons than normal (c-12 is normal (6 protons + 6 neutrons), c-13 is 7n, c-11 doesn’t exist)
4 macromolecules and their monomers
carbohydrates-monosaccharides, proteins-amino acids, lipids-don’t, nucleic acids-nucleotides
Carbohydrates (details)
monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose), disaccharides are hooked by dehydration synthesis (maltose, sucrose table sugar), polysaccharides are for long term energy storage (starch, glucose in plants/animals, cellulose for plants and chitin for animals
Lipids (details)
hydrophobic, mono(di)(tri)glyceride, fats that provide energy, insulate the body, and cushion organs, saturated (C-C, solid) and unsaturated (C=C, liquid, monosat has =, polysat has >=), steroids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone), phospholipids (bilayer!)
Ionic bonds
one element loses 1 electron, one element gains 1 electron, elements on left end of table bond with ones on right)
Covalent bonds
share electrons
Polar bonds
unequal sharing of electrons, makes dipoles (weak charge), [H2O]
Nonpolar bonds
equal sharing of electrons, no charge, no dipole
Leeuwenhoek
simple microscope
Hooke
studied cork with compound light microscope
Shleidan
plant cells
Shwann (swan)
animal cells (swan!)
Cell Theory
- all cells come from preexisting cells
- all living things are made of cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
Prokaryotic cells
- no internal organelles surrounded by a membrane (mitochondria, nucleus)
- coated with slime
- have pili (hairlike structures on surface)
- cell wall beneath capsule made of peptidoglycan proteins
- single ring of DNA
