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Advanced Nutrition > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main factor affecting nutrient composition of forages?

A

Maturity

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2
Q

Is the leaf to stem ratio higher in mature or immature forages?

A

Immature

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes the forage quality if crude protein content is 4% and crude fiber content is 55%?

A

Poor

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes the forage quality if crude protein conn is 16% and crude fiber content is 24%?

A

Excellent

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes the forage quality if CP is 10% and CF is 36%?

A

Medium

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6
Q

Describe in detail an example of a positive associative effect

A

Feeding a protein supplement will lead to increases in fiber digestion in ruminant animals.
The nitrogen in the protein supplement is used by the fiber digesting bacteria for growth. As they grow better, the bacteria digests more fiber.

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7
Q

Describe in detail an example of a negative associative effect

A

Over-feeding starch wil decrease fiber digestibility.
Giving too much starch results in excess fermentation & acid production.
This causes pH to decrease & fiber digesting bacteria to die.

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8
Q

Which type of forage is know to assimilate nitrogen from the atmosphere?

A

Legumes

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9
Q

Do grasses have a higher fiber content or a lower fiber content than legumes?

A

Lower

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10
Q

Name 2 example of warm season grasses

A

Bermuda & Corn

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11
Q

Name 2 examples of cool season grasses

A

Fescue & wheat

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12
Q

Name an example of an annual grass

A

Hay-grazer

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13
Q

Which type of compounds in Hay-grazer can potentially cause toxicity in ruminants?
Explain how they cause toxicity.

A

Nitrate toxicity- Once consumed, the nitrate is converted to nitrite by microorganisms present in the rumen.

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14
Q

What is the benefit of making silage?

A

Prevents spoilage & preserves feed

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15
Q

Describe the bunker method of the ensiling process

A
  1. Harvested feed is dumped into the ensiling site
  2. A tractor is driven over feed to compress & remove oxygen
  3. A plastic cover is placed on the top to keep oxygen out
  4. Tires are placed on top to hold plastic down
  5. Fermentation takes place & lowers the pH to 4.0
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16
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Live microbes that promote health

17
Q

How can good bacteria like “Lactobacillus” be beneficial to pigs?

A

Increases ADG

18
Q

How can yeast probiotics lower the chance of rumen acidosis in dairy cattle?

A

Yeast engulfs starch & digests it at a slower rate

19
Q

Which hormone do beta agonists mimic?

A

Adrenaline

20
Q

What are 2 ways that beta agonists make animals more muscular?

A

Increases production of protein & decreases protein breakdown

21
Q

Which Ractopamine product is specifically used for cattle?

A

Optaflexx

22
Q

Why is it advised not to use beta agonists until the last 21 days before slaughter?

A

Permanently changes animal

23
Q

What are ionophores?

A

Antibiotics that increase feed efficiency

24
Q

Explain how ionophores increase feed efficiency

A

Kills methane-producing bacteria

25
Q

What are the 2 ionophores used in ruminant diets?

A

Rumensin & Bovatic (cheaper product)

26
Q

Write 1 example of an energy concentrate?

A

Corn

27
Q

What is the most common grain used in livestock feeding?

A

Corn

28
Q

1 example of a lipid supplement

A

Tallow

29
Q

1 example of a protein concentrate

A

Soybean meal

30
Q

Define the term “meal” in the context of livestock feeds

A

What’s left after oil is taken out

31
Q

What is the most popular oilseed meal used to supply protein?

A

Soybean meal

32
Q

Which oilseed meal contains the gossypol toxin?

A

Cottonseed meal

33
Q

Which oilseed meal has the potential risk of aflatoxin?

A

Peanut meal

34
Q

What important mineral can be found in limestone?

A

Calcium

35
Q

What is the most popular phosphorus supplement in livestock diets?

A

Dicalcium phosphate

36
Q

Assume that corn contains 5% protein and that cottonseed meal contains 42% protein. How much of each ingredient should be used to get a diet that is 12% protein? If the goal is to make 5,000 lbs of total diet, how many pounds of each ingredient needs to be mixed together?

A

% of each ingredient in total diet:
81.1% Corn
18.9% Cottonseed meal

Pounds of each ingredient needed:
4,055 lbs Corn
945 lbs Cottonseed meal

37
Q

A farmer wants to formulate a diet using Milo and soybean meal. The milo contains 12% CP (DM basis) and the soybean meal contains 48% CP (DM basis) The goal is to formulate a diet that is 11% CP on an as-fed basis. The farmer wants to make 5,000 pounds of total diet. How much milo and soybean meal needs to be mixed together?

The milo is 88% DM and the soybean meal is 92% DM

A

Conversions to as-fed basis:
Milo- 10.6%
SB- 44.2%

% of each ingredient in total diet:
Milo- 98.8%
SB- 1.2%

Pounds of each ingredient needed
Milo- 4,940 lbs
SB- 60 lbs

Advanced Nutrition (4 decks)

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