Midterm Flashcards
What are the characteristics of life?
growth, reproduce, movement, metabolism (the breaking down of food for energy), responsiveness
Cephalic
head
nuchal
neck
scapular
shoulder blade
vertebral
back bone
lumbar
love handles
brachial
arm
olecranon
elbow
antebrachial
forearm
gluteal
buttocks
femoral
thigh
popliteal
back of knee
sural
calf
calcaneal
heel
cranial
head
facial
face
cervical
neck
deltoid
shoulder
pectoral
chest
sternal
center of chest
brachial
arm
antebrachial
forearm
manual
hand
digital
fingers/toes
abdominal
belly
inguinal
groin
coxal
hip
genicular
knee
crural
leg
pedal
foot
Homeostasis
stability, balance; symptoms: fever, drowsy, fatigued, achy, headache
Receptors or sensors
provide a mechanism to detect our internal condition
set point
normal; to be in homeostasis
effectors
what my body’s mechanism is to adjust
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, glands (exocrine/endocrine); functions: protects body/skin, generates heat
skeletal system
206 bones in adults; function: movement/protection
Nervous system
brain, nerves, spinal column; function: sensory input, control center for body
Respiratory system
lungs, trachea, larnyx, pharnyx; function:breathing/speaking
Digestive system
Esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine; function: breakdown of food, provide energy, helps to get rid of waste
Reproductive system
uterus, vagina, penis, prostrate mammary glands; function: continuation of species
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels; function: pumps blood (circulation), keeps organs functioning
Muscular system
gastrocnemius, ligaments, tendons; function: movement
Lymphatic system
spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes; function: provides us immunity, helps fight off disease
Urinary system
bladder, ureters, kidneys; function: get rid of waste, clean blood
Endocrine system
adrenal, hypothalamus, thyroid; function: releasing of hormones
Nucleus
headquarters of cell/control center
Nucleolus
makes ribosomes (involved in making proteins)
Chromatin
DNA in a non-dividing cell
Nuclear pores
passageway for ribosomes to leave nucleus
Ribosomes
makes proteins (building blocks: amino acids)
ER
houses ribosomes
Smooth ER
“detoxifier of the cell”; takes out alcohol + makes lipids (fats); liver has the most smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
“pancakes of the cell”; inspects proteins made in cell, packages/secretes into cell
cisternae
each pancake
cis side
closer to rough ER
trans side
when substances are released into cell
mitochondria
“powerhouse of the cell”; makes ATP; muscles/liver have the most mitochondria
lysosome
“garbage collector”; filled w/ enzymes to digest cell garbage
Perioxosomes
converts H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H2O
Cytoskeleton
guides organelles in movement; gives cell structure
microfilament
made of protein (actin)
intermediate filaments
proteins (actin + myosin)
microtubules
made up of tubulin (protein)
cell membrane head
phosphate (hydrophilic)
cell membrane tail
phospholipid (hydrophobic)
cholesterol
help to keep membrane flexible
enzymes
peripheral proteins
catalyst
speeds up chemical reactions
Lnd-ase
lactose in tolerant
Channel protein
integral protein; carry types of ions in/out of cell
Cell identity protein
help to detect “self”
Tissues
a group of cells that are connected by junctions that form tissues
Histology
study of tissues
junctions
glue to hold cells together
Epithelial
cells are packed together; see this tissue in body surfaces, blood vessels, and lungs
classification of epithelial
of layers, cell shapes
simple squamous
single flattened layers of cells, diffusion (molecules moving from > to < concentration); ex: O2 -> CO2, seen in lungs; filtration: seen in kidneys to get rid of waste
Simple cuboidal
seen in ovaries; ducts of kidneys
lumen
open space in a duct or hollow organ
simple columnar
can possess cilia, some cannot (non-ciliated) depending on location; ciliated (moves eggs): found in fallopian tubes (found in female reproductive); found in trachea, moves out particles; non ciliated: have microvilli instead (absorption), seen in stomach/intestines
goblet cells
secrete gland mucus + unicellular)
Pseudostratified columnar
found: lungs, bronchioles, trachea; nuclei are uneven illusion of multiple layers, all cells are attached to basement membrane; has cilia for movement; goblet cells to secret mucus
Stratified squamous
filled w/ keratin; multiple layers of flat cells; seen in layers of skin, cervix, mouth (oral cavity)
Transitional
shape shifter (cuboidal to squamous); uterus (stretches during pregnancy); bladder (stretches when peeing)
Stratified cuboidal
made up of 2+ layers; found in the mammary ducts, sweat glands, pancreas, female reproductive system
Stratified columnar
2+ layers; primarily in ducts of kidney, male/female reproductive
Role of connective tissue
support, insulation (adipose tissue), produce RBC, protects against infection, helps to repair damaged tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
dense connective tissue
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibro cartilage, blood, bone
areolar
made up of primarily fiberblasts, collagen + elastic; found in most areas of body + under epithelial tissue; binds skin to organs/breast tissue
adipose
fat cells (triglyceride); seen around kidneys (for padding); on surface of heart; stomach area; back of eyeballs (cushion)
ground substance
water protein
Reticular
made up of thin reticular fibers; provide a framework of support for the organs that they are a part of; seen in liver/spleen
Hyaline cartilage
made up of collagen fibers; chondro cytes (cartilage); seen in fetal skeleton, found in joints + ends of bones/nose
lacuna
space in cartilage
Elastic cartilage
made up of elastic fibers/chondrocytes; found in larnyx (voice box), found in out ear
fibro cartilage
made up mostly of collagen fibers; to provide a framework for support; found in between vertebrae
Blood
RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma, factor 8
RBC
carries hemoglobin; AB (universal recipient), A, B, O (universal donor)
WBC
fights off infection; plasma to add volume; platelets/factor 8 to help clot + stop bleeding
Bone
calcium: important material for bone; osteoporosis: seen in older women/depletion of calcium; osteocytes: bone cells; osteons: “rods” that make up compact bones
Macrophage
uses phagocytosis to engulf foreign microbes in the body
Stem cell
they can be any cell that is needed in the body
White blood cells
fight off disease, infections, sickness, etc
fibers
*reticular fibers; provides stretchability to tissue; made up of elastin (protein)
Collagen
thickest + strongest; displays tensile strength; pulled without tearing
