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Human Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

growth, reproduce, movement, metabolism (the breaking down of food for energy), responsiveness

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2
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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3
Q

nuchal

A

neck

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4
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade

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5
Q

vertebral

A

back bone

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6
Q

lumbar

A

love handles

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7
Q

brachial

A

arm

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8
Q

olecranon

A

elbow

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9
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

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10
Q

gluteal

A

buttocks

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11
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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12
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

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13
Q

sural

A

calf

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14
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

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15
Q

cranial

A

head

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16
Q

facial

A

face

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17
Q

cervical

A

neck

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18
Q

deltoid

A

shoulder

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19
Q

pectoral

A

chest

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20
Q

sternal

A

center of chest

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21
Q

brachial

A

arm

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22
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

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23
Q

manual

A

hand

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24
Q

digital

A

fingers/toes

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25
Q

abdominal

A

belly

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26
Q

inguinal

A

groin

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27
Q

coxal

A

hip

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28
Q

genicular

A

knee

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29
Q

crural

A

leg

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30
Q

pedal

A

foot

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31
Q

Homeostasis

A

stability, balance; symptoms: fever, drowsy, fatigued, achy, headache

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32
Q

Receptors or sensors

A

provide a mechanism to detect our internal condition

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33
Q

set point

A

normal; to be in homeostasis

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34
Q

effectors

A

what my body’s mechanism is to adjust

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35
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails, glands (exocrine/endocrine); functions: protects body/skin, generates heat

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36
Q

skeletal system

A

206 bones in adults; function: movement/protection

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37
Q

Nervous system

A

brain, nerves, spinal column; function: sensory input, control center for body

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38
Q

Respiratory system

A

lungs, trachea, larnyx, pharnyx; function:breathing/speaking

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39
Q

Digestive system

A

Esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine; function: breakdown of food, provide energy, helps to get rid of waste

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40
Q

Reproductive system

A

uterus, vagina, penis, prostrate mammary glands; function: continuation of species

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41
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels; function: pumps blood (circulation), keeps organs functioning

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42
Q

Muscular system

A

gastrocnemius, ligaments, tendons; function: movement

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43
Q

Lymphatic system

A

spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes; function: provides us immunity, helps fight off disease

44
Q

Urinary system

A

bladder, ureters, kidneys; function: get rid of waste, clean blood

45
Q

Endocrine system

A

adrenal, hypothalamus, thyroid; function: releasing of hormones

46
Q

Nucleus

A

headquarters of cell/control center

47
Q

Nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes (involved in making proteins)

48
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA in a non-dividing cell

49
Q

Nuclear pores

A

passageway for ribosomes to leave nucleus

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

makes proteins (building blocks: amino acids)

51
Q

ER

A

houses ribosomes

52
Q

Smooth ER

A

“detoxifier of the cell”; takes out alcohol + makes lipids (fats); liver has the most smooth ER

53
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“pancakes of the cell”; inspects proteins made in cell, packages/secretes into cell

54
Q

cisternae

A

each pancake

55
Q

cis side

A

closer to rough ER

56
Q

trans side

A

when substances are released into cell

57
Q

mitochondria

A

“powerhouse of the cell”; makes ATP; muscles/liver have the most mitochondria

58
Q

lysosome

A

“garbage collector”; filled w/ enzymes to digest cell garbage

59
Q

Perioxosomes

A

converts H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H2O

60
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

guides organelles in movement; gives cell structure

61
Q

microfilament

A

made of protein (actin)

62
Q

intermediate filaments

A

proteins (actin + myosin)

63
Q

microtubules

A

made up of tubulin (protein)

64
Q

cell membrane head

A

phosphate (hydrophilic)

65
Q

cell membrane tail

A

phospholipid (hydrophobic)

66
Q

cholesterol

A

help to keep membrane flexible

67
Q

enzymes

A

peripheral proteins

68
Q

catalyst

A

speeds up chemical reactions

69
Q

Lnd-ase

A

lactose in tolerant

70
Q

Channel protein

A

integral protein; carry types of ions in/out of cell

71
Q

Cell identity protein

A

help to detect “self”

72
Q

Tissues

A

a group of cells that are connected by junctions that form tissues

73
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

74
Q

junctions

A

glue to hold cells together

75
Q

Epithelial

A

cells are packed together; see this tissue in body surfaces, blood vessels, and lungs

76
Q

classification of epithelial

A

of layers, cell shapes

77
Q

simple squamous

A

single flattened layers of cells, diffusion (molecules moving from > to < concentration); ex: O2 -> CO2, seen in lungs; filtration: seen in kidneys to get rid of waste

78
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

seen in ovaries; ducts of kidneys

79
Q

lumen

A

open space in a duct or hollow organ

80
Q

simple columnar

A

can possess cilia, some cannot (non-ciliated) depending on location; ciliated (moves eggs): found in fallopian tubes (found in female reproductive); found in trachea, moves out particles; non ciliated: have microvilli instead (absorption), seen in stomach/intestines

81
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete gland mucus + unicellular)

82
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

found: lungs, bronchioles, trachea; nuclei are uneven illusion of multiple layers, all cells are attached to basement membrane; has cilia for movement; goblet cells to secret mucus

83
Q

Stratified squamous

A

filled w/ keratin; multiple layers of flat cells; seen in layers of skin, cervix, mouth (oral cavity)

84
Q

Transitional

A

shape shifter (cuboidal to squamous); uterus (stretches during pregnancy); bladder (stretches when peeing)

85
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

made up of 2+ layers; found in the mammary ducts, sweat glands, pancreas, female reproductive system

86
Q

Stratified columnar

A

2+ layers; primarily in ducts of kidney, male/female reproductive

86
Q

Role of connective tissue

A

support, insulation (adipose tissue), produce RBC, protects against infection, helps to repair damaged tissue

86
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

86
Q

dense connective tissue

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibro cartilage, blood, bone

87
Q

areolar

A

made up of primarily fiberblasts, collagen + elastic; found in most areas of body + under epithelial tissue; binds skin to organs/breast tissue

88
Q

adipose

A

fat cells (triglyceride); seen around kidneys (for padding); on surface of heart; stomach area; back of eyeballs (cushion)

89
Q

ground substance

A

water protein

90
Q

Reticular

A

made up of thin reticular fibers; provide a framework of support for the organs that they are a part of; seen in liver/spleen

91
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

made up of collagen fibers; chondro cytes (cartilage); seen in fetal skeleton, found in joints + ends of bones/nose

92
Q

lacuna

A

space in cartilage

93
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

made up of elastic fibers/chondrocytes; found in larnyx (voice box), found in out ear

94
Q

fibro cartilage

A

made up mostly of collagen fibers; to provide a framework for support; found in between vertebrae

95
Q

Blood

A

RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma, factor 8

96
Q

RBC

A

carries hemoglobin; AB (universal recipient), A, B, O (universal donor)

97
Q

WBC

A

fights off infection; plasma to add volume; platelets/factor 8 to help clot + stop bleeding

98
Q

Bone

A

calcium: important material for bone; osteoporosis: seen in older women/depletion of calcium; osteocytes: bone cells; osteons: “rods” that make up compact bones

99
Q

Macrophage

A

uses phagocytosis to engulf foreign microbes in the body

100
Q

Stem cell

A

they can be any cell that is needed in the body

101
Q

White blood cells

A

fight off disease, infections, sickness, etc

102
Q

fibers

A

*reticular fibers; provides stretchability to tissue; made up of elastin (protein)

103
Q

Collagen

A

thickest + strongest; displays tensile strength; pulled without tearing

Human Biology (19 decks)

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