MIDTERM Flashcards
It is a set of proven practices that help stop the spread of illness and infection.
INFECTION CONTROL
It is something that infiltrates another living thing.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
It is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms not normally present in the body such as: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite.
INFECTION
These can thrive in many different types of environments (extreme heat, cold, radioactive). They can also reproduce on their own.
BACTERIA
It is smaller than bacteria and requires living hosts such as people, plants or animals to multiply.
VIRUSES
It refers to any place
where an infectious agent can live.
- People, Animals, Equipment, Water
RESERVOIR
It refers to any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents, can transfer diseases to a new host.
FOMITES
It refers to the way the infectious agents leave the reservoir.
- Nose, Blood, Skin, Urine, Feces
PORTAL OF EXIT
It is the way the infectious agent gets from the reservoir to the new host.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
person to person transmission
DIRECT
transmission where fomites are involved.
INDIRECT
transmission via saliva or droplets less than 1m distance.
DROPLETS
transmission caused by small particles suspended in the air more than
1m distance.
AIRBORNE
transmission caused by contaminated food, water, medications, instruments
VEHICLE
the way the infectious agent gets into the next host.
- Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Open Wound
PORTAL OF ENTRY
transmission caused by mosquitoes (biological), flies and ticks (mechanical)
VECTOR BORNE
any person who is at risk of getting an infection from the infectious agent.
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
It is also known as Community Immunity. When most people in a community are immune to a disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness), there is less opportunity for the disease to spread from person to person.
HERD IMMUNITY
It is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Are causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events (can be demographic, genetic makeup,
risk factors, and environment exposure).
DETERMINANTS
It develops rapidly but lasts only a short period of time. (e.g. Influenza)
ACUTE DISEASE
It develops more slowly but lasts for a long period of time. (ex. Hepatitis B)
CHRONIC DISEASE
It is usually present in a community and this may not necessarily be the desired level. (ex. Malaria and Dengue)
ENDEMIC DISEASE
It occurs infrequently and irregularly. (ex. Leptospirosis and Typhoid fever)
SPORADIC DISEASE
It refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. (ex. Influenza)
EPIDEMIC
It is the same as epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
OUTBREAK
It refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. (ex. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-COV)
PANDEMIC
It is the period of infection.
The interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms.
INCUBATION PERIOD
It is characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise.
It is the short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.
PRODROMAL PERIOD
It is the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted.
PERIOD IF ILLNESS
It is the period of defervescence.
A period where signs and symptoms begin to subside, but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.
PERIOD OF DECLINE
this period marks the patient’s recovery from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its normal condition.
PERIOD OF CONVALSCENCE
The subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.
SYMPTOMS
The objective changes the physicians can observe and measure.
SIGNS
It is the specific group of symptoms or signs.
SYNDROME
It spreads from one host to another. (ex. Chickenpox, Measles, Genital Herpes, Typhoid fever, Tuberculosis)
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
It does not spread from one host to another. (ex. Tetanus, Diabetes)
NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE
It is ability of the host to fight
diseases through body defenses.
IMMUNITY
It is the study of immune responses.
IMMUNOLOGY
It is known as lack of immunity
SUSCEPTIBILITY
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES
INTACT SKIN
MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND THEIR SECRETIONS
NORMAL MICROBIOTA
Consists of microorganisms that inhabit the human body but normally do not cause disease.
NORMAL MICROBIOTA
Are those microbes that inhabit the body for weeks or months but later disappear.
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
Microbes that are fixed and regularly found on a specific site of the body.
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
It is the relationship between the
normal microbiota and the host.
SYMBIOSIS
A relationship wherein one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
- Example is Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin.
COMMENSALISM
A relationship wherein both organisms benefit from one another.
- Example is E. coli bacteria in the large intestine.
MUTUALISM
A relationship wherein one organism benefits at the expense of the other.
- Example is H1N1 virus particles on a host cell.
PARASITISM
It is the first line of defense against environmental disease-causing microbes.
SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
These are the barriers that prevent the entry or cause the removal of microbes from the surface of the body.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
These are the substances produced by the body to inhibit or completely destroy the microbial growth.
CHEMICAL FACTORS
It forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; shedding helps remove microbes.
EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN
It inhibits the entrance of many microbes, but not as effectively as intact skin.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
It traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
MUCUS
It provides tears that wash away microbes; tears contain lysozymes which destroys cell walls, especially of gram-positive bacteria.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
It dilutes and washes microbes from mouth.
SALIVA
It filter and traps microbes and dust in nose.
HAIRS
Together with mucus form a ciliary escalator, which traps and removes microbes from upper respiratory tract.
CILIA
It prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract.
EPIGLOTTIS
It prevents microbes from entering the ear.
EARWAX
It washes microbes from urethra to prevent colonization in genitourinary tract.
URINE
It moves microbes out of the body
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
It expels microbes from body
PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA
It forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits microbial growth.
SEBUM
Contains Fatty acids that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi
EARWAX
It flushes microbes from the skin and contains lysozyme which is also present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and tissue fluids
PERSPIRATION
It contains lysosome, urea, and uric acid which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobulin A, which prevents attachment of microbes to mucous membranes.
SALIVA
High acidity destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.
GASTRIC JUICE
Glycogen break down into lactic acid proves slight acidity, which discourages bacterial and fungal growth.
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
It contains lysozyme, slight acidity discourages microbial growth
URINE
Second line of defenses
PHAGOCYTES
INFLAMMATION
FEVER
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
It differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.
- Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues.
MONOCYTE
It is the first responders at the site of infection or trauma.
- Represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes.
NEUTROPHILS
It Releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection.
NEUTROPHIL
It is responsible for defense against parasites.
- Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.
BASOPHIL
It releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.
- Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
EOSINOPHIL
It dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin.
MAST CELL
It recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions.
MAST CELL
A phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Stimulates response of other immune cells.
MACROPHAGE
It kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells.
NATURAL KILLER CELL
It present antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity.
DENDRITIC CELL
The same cell secretes and receives cytokine signal.
AUTOCRINE
The cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell.
PARACRINE
The cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system; travels to distant cells.
ENDOCRINE
A cytokine that refers to antiviral proteins
INTERFERON FAMILY
It direct cell migration, adhesion and activation
CHEMOKINE FAMILY
It regulate inflammatory and immune responses.
TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR FAMILY
A variety of actions dependent upon interleukin and cell type
INTERLEUKIN FAMILY
It promote cell proliferation and differentiation.
HAEMATOPOIETINS
The regulation of immune cells
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA FAMILY
It is released by damage cells and are recognized by receptors in the leukocytes causing release of pro- inflammatory cytokines.
DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS
It is contained by microbes that can also enter injured site which can cause release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or lymphocyte activating cytokines.
PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS
It cause degranulation of mast cells.
PRO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
such as histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are released by mast cells.
- Causes the vasodilation of capillaries which is followed by an increase in vascular permeability causing gaps in the vessel walls.
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
RUBOR (REDNESS)
CALOR (HEAT)
DOLOR (PAIN)
TUMOR (SWELLING)
FUNCTIO LAESA (LOSS OF FUNCTION)
STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
ACTIVATION
CHEMOTAXIS
RECOGNITION AND ATTACHMENT
ENDOCYTOSIS
KILLING AND DIGESTING
EXOCYTOSIS
It is characterized by an abnormally high body temperature.
FEVER
The goal is to make or form the attack complex or the cylindrical membrane attack complex through the different proteins.
- Results to cell swelling and bursting.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
