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MICROPARA > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

It is a set of proven practices that help stop the spread of illness and infection.

A

INFECTION CONTROL

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2
Q

It is something that infiltrates another living thing.

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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3
Q

It is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms not normally present in the body such as: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite.

A

INFECTION

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4
Q

These can thrive in many different types of environments (extreme heat, cold, radioactive). They can also reproduce on their own.

A

BACTERIA

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5
Q

It is smaller than bacteria and requires living hosts such as people, plants or animals to multiply.

A

VIRUSES

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6
Q

It refers to any place
where an infectious agent can live.

  • People, Animals, Equipment, Water
A

RESERVOIR

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7
Q

It refers to any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents, can transfer diseases to a new host.

A

FOMITES

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8
Q

It refers to the way the infectious agents leave the reservoir.

  • Nose, Blood, Skin, Urine, Feces
A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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9
Q

It is the way the infectious agent gets from the reservoir to the new host.

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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10
Q

person to person transmission

A

DIRECT

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11
Q

transmission where fomites are involved.

A

INDIRECT

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12
Q

transmission via saliva or droplets less than 1m distance.

A

DROPLETS

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13
Q

transmission caused by small particles suspended in the air more than
1m distance.

A

AIRBORNE

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14
Q

transmission caused by contaminated food, water, medications, instruments

A

VEHICLE

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15
Q

the way the infectious agent gets into the next host.

  • Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Open Wound
A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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16
Q

transmission caused by mosquitoes (biological), flies and ticks (mechanical)

A

VECTOR BORNE

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17
Q

any person who is at risk of getting an infection from the infectious agent.

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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18
Q

It is also known as Community Immunity. When most people in a community are immune to a disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness), there is less opportunity for the disease to spread from person to person.

A

HERD IMMUNITY

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19
Q

It is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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20
Q

Are causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events (can be demographic, genetic makeup,
risk factors, and environment exposure).

A

DETERMINANTS

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21
Q

It develops rapidly but lasts only a short period of time. (e.g. Influenza)

A

ACUTE DISEASE

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22
Q

It develops more slowly but lasts for a long period of time. (ex. Hepatitis B)

A

CHRONIC DISEASE

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23
Q

It is usually present in a community and this may not necessarily be the desired level. (ex. Malaria and Dengue)

A

ENDEMIC DISEASE

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24
Q

It occurs infrequently and irregularly. (ex. Leptospirosis and Typhoid fever)

A

SPORADIC DISEASE

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25
Q

It refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. (ex. Influenza)

A

EPIDEMIC

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26
Q

It is the same as epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area.

A

OUTBREAK

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27
Q

It refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. (ex. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-COV)

A

PANDEMIC

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28
Q

It is the period of infection.

The interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms.

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

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29
Q

It is characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise.

It is the short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.

A

PRODROMAL PERIOD

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30
Q

It is the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted.

A

PERIOD IF ILLNESS

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31
Q

It is the period of defervescence.

A period where signs and symptoms begin to subside, but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.

A

PERIOD OF DECLINE

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32
Q

this period marks the patient’s recovery from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its normal condition.

A

PERIOD OF CONVALSCENCE

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33
Q

The subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

A

SYMPTOMS

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34
Q

The objective changes the physicians can observe and measure.

A

SIGNS

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35
Q

It is the specific group of symptoms or signs.

A

SYNDROME

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36
Q

It spreads from one host to another. (ex. Chickenpox, Measles, Genital Herpes, Typhoid fever, Tuberculosis)

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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37
Q

It does not spread from one host to another. (ex. Tetanus, Diabetes)

A

NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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38
Q

It is ability of the host to fight
diseases through body defenses.

A

IMMUNITY

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39
Q

It is the study of immune responses.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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40
Q

It is known as lack of immunity

A

SUSCEPTIBILITY

41
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES

A

INTACT SKIN
MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND THEIR SECRETIONS
NORMAL MICROBIOTA

42
Q

Consists of microorganisms that inhabit the human body but normally do not cause disease.

A

NORMAL MICROBIOTA

43
Q

Are those microbes that inhabit the body for weeks or months but later disappear.

A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

44
Q

Microbes that are fixed and regularly found on a specific site of the body.

A

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

45
Q

It is the relationship between the
normal microbiota and the host.

A

SYMBIOSIS

46
Q

A relationship wherein one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

  • Example is Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin.
A

COMMENSALISM

47
Q

A relationship wherein both organisms benefit from one another.

  • Example is E. coli bacteria in the large intestine.
A

MUTUALISM

48
Q

A relationship wherein one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

  • Example is H1N1 virus particles on a host cell.
A

PARASITISM

49
Q

It is the first line of defense against environmental disease-causing microbes.

A

SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

50
Q

These are the barriers that prevent the entry or cause the removal of microbes from the surface of the body.

A

PHYSICAL FACTORS

51
Q

These are the substances produced by the body to inhibit or completely destroy the microbial growth.

A

CHEMICAL FACTORS

52
Q

It forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; shedding helps remove microbes.

A

EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN

53
Q

It inhibits the entrance of many microbes, but not as effectively as intact skin.

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

54
Q

It traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

A

MUCUS

55
Q

It provides tears that wash away microbes; tears contain lysozymes which destroys cell walls, especially of gram-positive bacteria.

A

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

56
Q

It dilutes and washes microbes from mouth.

A

SALIVA

57
Q

It filter and traps microbes and dust in nose.

A

HAIRS

58
Q

Together with mucus form a ciliary escalator, which traps and removes microbes from upper respiratory tract.

A

CILIA

59
Q

It prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract.

A

EPIGLOTTIS

60
Q

It prevents microbes from entering the ear.

A

EARWAX

61
Q

It washes microbes from urethra to prevent colonization in genitourinary tract.

A

URINE

62
Q

It moves microbes out of the body

A

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

63
Q

It expels microbes from body

A

PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA

64
Q

It forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits microbial growth.

A

SEBUM

65
Q

Contains Fatty acids that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi

A

EARWAX

66
Q

It flushes microbes from the skin and contains lysozyme which is also present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and tissue fluids

A

PERSPIRATION

67
Q

It contains lysosome, urea, and uric acid which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobulin A, which prevents attachment of microbes to mucous membranes.

A

SALIVA

68
Q

High acidity destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.

A

GASTRIC JUICE

69
Q

Glycogen break down into lactic acid proves slight acidity, which discourages bacterial and fungal growth.

A

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

70
Q

It contains lysozyme, slight acidity discourages microbial growth

A

URINE

71
Q

Second line of defenses

A

PHAGOCYTES
INFLAMMATION
FEVER
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

72
Q

It differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

  • Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues.
A

MONOCYTE

73
Q

It is the first responders at the site of infection or trauma.

  • Represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes.
A

NEUTROPHILS

74
Q

It Releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection.

A

NEUTROPHIL

75
Q

It is responsible for defense against parasites.

  • Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.
A

BASOPHIL

76
Q

It releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.

  • Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
A

EOSINOPHIL

77
Q

It dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin.

A

MAST CELL

78
Q

It recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions.

A

MAST CELL

79
Q

A phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Stimulates response of other immune cells.

A

MACROPHAGE

80
Q

It kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

A

NATURAL KILLER CELL

81
Q

It present antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity.

A

DENDRITIC CELL

82
Q

The same cell secretes and receives cytokine signal.

A

AUTOCRINE

83
Q

The cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell.

A

PARACRINE

84
Q

The cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system; travels to distant cells.

A

ENDOCRINE

85
Q

A cytokine that refers to antiviral proteins

A

INTERFERON FAMILY

86
Q

It direct cell migration, adhesion and activation

A

CHEMOKINE FAMILY

87
Q

It regulate inflammatory and immune responses.

A

TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR FAMILY

88
Q

A variety of actions dependent upon interleukin and cell type

A

INTERLEUKIN FAMILY

89
Q

It promote cell proliferation and differentiation.

A

HAEMATOPOIETINS

90
Q

The regulation of immune cells

A

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA FAMILY

91
Q

It is released by damage cells and are recognized by receptors in the leukocytes causing release of pro- inflammatory cytokines.

A

DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS

92
Q

It is contained by microbes that can also enter injured site which can cause release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or lymphocyte activating cytokines.

A

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS

93
Q

It cause degranulation of mast cells.

A

PRO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES

94
Q

such as histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are released by mast cells.

  • Causes the vasodilation of capillaries which is followed by an increase in vascular permeability causing gaps in the vessel walls.
A

INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

95
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

RUBOR (REDNESS)
CALOR (HEAT)
DOLOR (PAIN)
TUMOR (SWELLING)
FUNCTIO LAESA (LOSS OF FUNCTION)

96
Q

STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

ACTIVATION
CHEMOTAXIS
RECOGNITION AND ATTACHMENT
ENDOCYTOSIS
KILLING AND DIGESTING
EXOCYTOSIS

97
Q

It is characterized by an abnormally high body temperature.

A

FEVER

98
Q

The goal is to make or form the attack complex or the cylindrical membrane attack complex through the different proteins.

  • Results to cell swelling and bursting.
A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

MICROPARA (8 decks)

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