FINAL Flashcards
anything that is disease- causing.
pathogen
a discipline dealing with the biology of animal parasites, ecology of parasitism with emphasis on parasite–host and parasite–environmental interactions
parasitology
restricted in studying those parasites that are of importance in medicine
Human Parasitology or Medical Parasitology
study of protozoans
protozoology
study of helminths
helminthology
study of insects (arthropods)
entomology
a relationship in which one of the participants, the parasite, either harms its host (the part that got harmed) or in some sense lives at the expense of the host.
parasitism
the partner lives in or on another from which it gains benefit, always smaller, is the parasite which to some degree injures its partner
parasite
are invertebrates that cannot live independently and should depend upon others to maintain their lives (live at the expense of others).
animal parasites
endoparasite/ectoparasite
residing site
obligatory/facultative; accidental
or opportunistic
ecology
permanent/intermittent
duration of parasitism
organism that does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life but is capable of adapting to it if placed in such a relationship.
facultative parasite
organism that is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle.
obligatory parasite
parasites that live within the body of their host (intestinal tract, liver, etc.)
endoparasite
parasites that are attached to the outer surfaces of their hosts
ectoparasite
the partners which provide the food and shelter for parasites, and to some degree are injured by this association
host
host in which the parasite undergoes larval development but does not reach sexual maturity, parasites often can undergo asexual reproduction in this type of host
intermediate host
host in which the parasite become sexually mature (where the adult worm harbor or undergoing sexual reproduction)
definitive host
referred to those animals that harbor an infection that can be transmitted to humans.
reservoir host
a disease of animals that may be transmitted to humans under natural conditions.
zoonosis
when parasite enters the body of an abnormal host and not undergo any development but continues to stay alive and be infective to the normal host. The host is called the transport host.
transport/paratenic/transfer host
persons who are considered to have reduced resistance to illness
immune compromised host
any infection not normally cause disease in human
occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems (as AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs)
opportunistic parasitic infection
parasite infections may be carried from one host to another by means of arthropod vectors.
vector
may also be a host if development of the parasite takes place with its body. (If the arthropod is simply an instrument of passive transfer, we refer to it as a mechanical vector).
vectors
described the ontogenesis, development and reproduction of the parasite, tracking it through the various phases of its life history which will encompass both parasitic and non-parasitic stages
life cycle
The key to understanding the transmission of a parasite species and parasitic disease
life cycle
is one in which there is only one host where the parasite often spends most of its life, usually as an adult, and where it reproduces.
simple or direct life cycle
parasites with more complex cycles which include 2 or more hosts.
indirect life cycle
Sucking with ingestion of blood
ancylostoma
Ingestion of lysed tissues and blood
trichuris
Feeding on the intestinal contents
ascaris
Ingestion of nourishment from the body fluids
filarial worms
Common saying “round worm of man”
ascaris lumbricoides
The largest of the intestinal nematodes parasitizing humans.
ascaris lumbricoides
The most common worm found in
human.
ascaris lumbricoides
It is worldwide in distribution and
most prevalent throughout the tropics, subtropics and more prevalent in countryside than in city.
ascaris lumbricoides
Predominant species in the Western Hemisphere and equatorial Africa (South China)
necator americanus
Prevalent in Southern Europe, North Africa, Northern Asia (North China), and the more pathogenic one.
ancylostoma duodenale
Heavy infection if hookworms may evoke anemia known as
yellow laziness
feeds on blood and Contains buccal capsule to ingest or suck blood from the host.
hookworms
Long and segmented parasites
Size varies from 1mm to several
meters.
tapeworms (cestodes)
three parts of a tapeworm
scolex, neck, proglottids
Leaf-shaped parasites
Size varies from 1mm to 10cm
Flukes (trematodes)
Most are hermaphroditic, except
Schistosomes
❖ Common in bodies of water
flukes (trematodes)
Single-celled microorganisms
protozoans
two major important stages of life or protozoans
trophozoite
cyst
active, free- swimming state of protozoan
trophozoite
dormant phase. In most cases, this is the infective stage.
cyst
Cyst to Trophozoite
excystation
Trophozoite to Cyst
encystment
Protozoans are classified by the way they move:
amoeba (sarcodina)
flagellates (mastigophora)
ciliates (ciliophora)
sporozoans (apicomplexa)
The largest phylum of protozoans (11,500 living species)
Most are free-living; others are parasitic.
sarcodina
It comprises the amoebas and related organisms (those that capture food using pseudopods)
sarcodina
the causative organism of amebic dysentery (amoebiasis).
entamoeba histolytica
the etiology of amoebic keratitis and encephalitis by entering cuts or through the nares and spreading to the central nervous system.
Common in stagnant bodies of water (lakes, ponds).
acanthamoeba
causes giardiasis or the infection of small intestine
giardia lamblia
is spread via the fecal- oral route, most commonly by eating food contaminated by the unwashed hands of an infected person or by drinking groundwater polluted by the feces of infected animals such as dogs and beavers ( hence the name beaver fever).
giardiasis
One of the signs of Giardiasis:
fats in the stool
only parasite that causes STD.
trichomonas vaginalis
causes trichomoniasis and is passed almost 100% of the time through sexual contact.
trichomonas vaginalis
is primarily an infection of women’s vaginal and urinary tract.
- A woman is most susceptible to infection just after having completed her menstrual period.
Trichomoniasis
African Sleeping Sickness
trypanosoma brucei
Vector present in african SS
tsetse fly
West African Sleeping Sickness
T. brucei gambiense
East African Sleeping Sickness
T. brucei rhodesiense
American Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma cruzi
Vector present in American SS
kissing bug / triatomine
Protozoans which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex.
apicomplexa
Non-motile; rely on the fluid structure of the body for movement.
apicomplexa
parasite that causes Malaria
plasmodium (vivax, malariae, falciparum, ovale)
a vector-borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus plasmodium.
it is endemic in palawan
malaria
widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Malaria
humans as intermediate host
asexual
schizogony
anopheles as definitive host
sexual
sporogony
causes an infection called toxoplasmosis.
toxoplasma gondii
a parasitic disease that infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid family.
toxoplasmosis
are major reservoir of toxoplasmosis.
cats
