midterm Flashcards by Stephen Alorro

is an imaginary line around which an airplane can turn.

axis of flight

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three axes upon which it can move

Left and right,
forwards and backwards,
up and down.

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technical names of Left and right,
forwards and backwards,
up and down.

lateral axis,
longitudinal axis
and vertical axis.

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is the response of an aircraft in steady flight on the pilot control input.

Controllability

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can be described as the tendency of an aircraft to return to trimmed position after disturbance in an air stream.

Stability

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can be described as the ability for the aircraft to commence and sustain maneuvers, its responsiveness and its performance rate of roll or turn and pitch rate.

Maneuverability

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THE FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT

lift
thrust
drag
weight

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the forward force produced by the power plant/ propeller or rotor. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag. As a general rule, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis

THRUST

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the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage.

WEIGHT

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, which is determined by the distribution of weight either by design or by the pilot, can also affect the longitudinal stability of an airplane.

center of gravity (CG)

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a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects.

DRAG

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TYPES OF DRAG

PARASITE DRAG
INDUCED DRAG

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types of PARASITE DRAG

FORM DRAG
INTERFERENCE DRAG
SKIN FRICTION DRAG

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a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects.

PARASITE DRAG

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generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it. Examples the engine cowlings, antennas, and the aerodynamic shape of other components

FORM DRAG

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comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow

INTERFERENCE DRAG

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is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft. Every surface, no matter how apparently smooth, has a rough, ragged surface when viewed under a microscope.

SKIN FRICTION DRAG

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is inherent whenever an airfoil is producing lift and, in fact, this type of drag is inseparable from the production of lift. Consequently, it is always present if lift is produced.

INDUCED DRAG

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is a surface designed to lift, control, and propel an airplane.

Airfoil

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the length of the chord line is called the ______ of the wing. It varies from the wing root to wing tip

Chord

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is the straight line joining the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil

Chord line

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is the maximum distance between the mean camber and the chord line

Camber

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Is the front part of the airfoil

Leading edge

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is the back part of the airfoil

Trailing edge

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PARTS OF AN AIRFOIL

Mean camber line trailing edge leading edge chord line

is a force that is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the center of lift (CL) and perpendicular to the lateral axis.

LIFT

Is the angle formed by the wing chord line and relative wind

Angle of attack

states in part that "the internal pressure of a Fluid (liquid, or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases." In other words, high speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low speed flow is associated with high pressure

Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle is applicable to an airplane wing because it is designed and constructed wing a ______.

curve or camber

A body at rest tends to remain at rest, and a body in motion tends to remain moving at the same speed and in the same direction. For example, an airplane at rest on the ramp will remain at rest unless a force is applied which is strong enough to overcome the airplane's inertia.

Newton’s 1st law of motion

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton’s 3rd Law of motion

What makes the airplane turn?

By the use of ailerons and rudder

Since the downward deflected aileron produces more lift as evidenced by the wing raising, it also produces more drag. This added drag causes the wing to slow down slightly. This results in the aircraft yawing toward the wing which had experienced an increase in lift (and drag).

ADVERSE YAW

From the pilot’s perspective, the yaw is _______ the direction of the bank.

opposite

is a proportion between lift and weight and has a trigonometric relationship.

LOAD FACTOR

The load factor is measured in

G’s (acceleration of gravity),

(the left turning tendency of the airplane) is made up of four elements that cause or produce a twisting or rotating motion around at least one of the airplane’s three axes.

torque

4 elements of torque

Size and horsepower of engine Size of propeller and the rpm Size of the aircraft Condition of the ground surface

Effect of torque

Torque reaction from engine and propeller Corkscrewing effect of the slipstream Gyroscopic action of the propeller Asymmetric loading of the propeller (P-factor)

The high-speed rotation of an aircraft propeller gives a corkscrew or spiraling rotation to the slipstream. At high propeller speeds and low forward speed

Corkscrew Effect

When an aircraft is flying with a high AOA, the “bite” of the downward moving blade is greater than the “bite” of the upward moving blade.

P-FACTOR

lift formula

L = CL x ½ pV2 x S

4 BASIC MANEUVERS

Straight and Level Flight Climbing Flights Descending Flights Turning Flights

all forces acting on the airplane is on a state of equilibrium

straight and level flight

what happens when a straight and level flight is done correctly

When done correctly the airspeed will remain constant, the attitude indicator will read wings level with the ball in the center, the heading indicator will not move, and the vertical speed indicator will indicate no climb/descent.

The wing’s lift in a steady state normal climb is the same as it is in a steady level flight at the same airspeed.

Climbing Flight

what happens in the transition between straight and level to climbing flight

During transition from straight-and level flight to a climb, a change in lift occurs when back elevator pressure is first applied.

Is a flight in which changes the aircraft’s altitude.

climbing flight

What are the types of climbing flight

Best Angle of Climb Best Rate of Climb Cruise Climb

Also Known as Vx, it allows an aircraft to gain the most altitude in the shortest distance across the ground.

Best Angle of Climb

Also Known as Vy, it allows an aircraft to gain the most altitude in the least amount of time. Expressed in Altitude over time.

Best Rate of Climb

The most fuel-efficient climbing technique. It is the gentler climb, it has a shallow angle of attack, the aircraft is climbing in a faster speed, but will gain the least amount of altitude in a given distance and time.

Cruise Climb

what happens when you enter a descend

Entering the descent, the component of weight acting forward along the flight path increases as the angle of descent increases

Is a basic flight maneuver which results in a loss of altitude.

descending flight

If an aircraft were in a bank, it would be apparent that lift did not act directly opposite to the weight, rather it now acts in the direction of the bank.

Turning Flight

– acts vertically and opposite to the weight.

Vertical Component of Lift

– acts horizontally towards the center of the turn or can also be called centripetal force.

Horizontal Component of lift

is the “equal and opposite reaction” of the aircraft to the change in Direction and acts equal and opposite to the horizontal component of lift.

Centrifugal force

Is a basic flight to change the direction or heading of an aircraft

turning flight

Three types of Turn

Coordinated Turn Slipping Turn Skidding Turn

centrifugal force equals horizontal lift

normal turn

centrifugal force less than horizontal lift

slipping turn

centrifugal force greater than horizontal lift

skidding

types of instruments in a C-172 cockpit

Pitot-static instruments gyroscopic instruments

pressure-sensitive instruments

pitot-static instruments

gyroscope incorporated into design of instrument

gyroscopic instruments

3 pressure-sensitive instruments

airspeed indicator altimeter vertical speed indicator

indicates airspeed

airspeed indicator

shows aircraft's height above mean sea level

altimeter

displays rate of climb or descent

vertical speed indicator

3 gyroscope incorporated into design of instrument

attitude indicator heading indicator turn coordinator

shows aircraft's relation to the horizon

attitude indicator

indicates direction in relation to magnetic north

heading indicator

shows direction and rate of turns and indicates slip and skid

turn coordinator

is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine.

tachometer

- It is basically a control unit, which controls the amount of fuel or the fuel-air mixture that can enter the engine.

Throttle

- Sets the amount of fuel added to the intake airflow.

Mixture control

is a system used in automobile and piston-powered light aircraft engines to prevent or clear carburetor icing.

Carb Heat - Carburetor heat (usually abbreviated to 'carb heat')

- to intercept and block the fuel before it reaches the burner, thus avoiding the boiling temperature of the circuit entering the system from being reached

Fuel Shutoff Valve

- function is to tell the pilot that the oil pressure ant temperature is within operating limits, ensuring the engine is getting the lubrication it needs.

Oil Temp and Pressure Gauge

- This system displays the amount of fuel in each tank, as well as the total amount of fuel on board

Fuel Indicator

- monitor the vacuum developed in the system that actuates the air driven gyroscopic flight instruments

Suction Gauge

- measures electric current flowing through a wire or circuit

Ammeter

- is a meter used to monitor the exhaust gas temperature of an internal combustion engine

EGT

- indicates an engine's fuel use in real time

Fuel Flow Indicator