midterm Flashcards
is an imaginary line around which an airplane can turn.
axis of flight
three axes upon which it can move
Left and right,
forwards and backwards,
up and down.
technical names of Left and right,
forwards and backwards,
up and down.
lateral axis,
longitudinal axis
and vertical axis.
- is the response of an aircraft in steady flight on the pilot control input.
Controllability
- can be described as the tendency of an aircraft to return to trimmed position after disturbance in an air stream.
Stability
- can be described as the ability for the aircraft to commence and sustain maneuvers, its responsiveness and its performance rate of roll or turn and pitch rate.
Maneuverability
THE FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
lift
thrust
drag
weight
the forward force produced by the power plant/ propeller or rotor. It opposes or overcomes the force of drag. As a general rule, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis
THRUST
the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage.
WEIGHT
, which is determined by the distribution of weight either by design or by the pilot, can also affect the longitudinal stability of an airplane.
center of gravity (CG)
a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects.
DRAG
TYPES OF DRAG
PARASITE DRAG
INDUCED DRAG
types of PARASITE DRAG
FORM DRAG
INTERFERENCE DRAG
SKIN FRICTION DRAG
a rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, rotor, fuselage, and other protruding objects.
PARASITE DRAG
generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it. Examples the engine cowlings, antennas, and the aerodynamic shape of other components
FORM DRAG
comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow
INTERFERENCE DRAG
is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft. Every surface, no matter how apparently smooth, has a rough, ragged surface when viewed under a microscope.
SKIN FRICTION DRAG
is inherent whenever an airfoil is producing lift and, in fact, this type of drag is inseparable from the production of lift. Consequently, it is always present if lift is produced.
INDUCED DRAG
is a surface designed to lift, control, and propel an airplane.
Airfoil
the length of the chord line is called the ______ of the wing. It varies from the wing root to wing tip
Chord
is the straight line joining the leading edge and the trailing edge of the airfoil
Chord line
is the maximum distance between the mean camber and the chord line
Camber
Is the front part of the airfoil
Leading edge
is the back part of the airfoil
Trailing edge
PARTS OF AN AIRFOIL
Mean camber line
trailing edge
leading edge
chord line
is a force that is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the center of lift (CL) and perpendicular to the lateral axis.
LIFT
Is the angle formed by the wing chord line and relative wind
Angle of attack
states in part that “the internal pressure of a Fluid (liquid, or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases.” In other words, high speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low speed flow is associated with high pressure
Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle is applicable to an airplane wing because it is designed and constructed wing a ______.
curve or camber
A body at rest tends to remain at rest, and a body in motion tends to remain moving at the same speed and in the same direction. For example, an airplane at rest on the ramp will remain at rest unless a force is applied which is strong enough to overcome the airplane’s inertia.
Newton’s 1st law of motion
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s 3rd Law of motion
What makes the airplane turn?
By the use of ailerons and rudder
Since the downward deflected aileron produces more lift as evidenced by the wing raising, it also produces more drag. This added drag causes the wing to slow down slightly. This results in the aircraft yawing toward the wing which had experienced an increase in lift (and drag).
ADVERSE YAW
From the pilot’s perspective, the yaw is _______ the direction of the bank.
opposite
is a proportion between lift and weight and has a trigonometric relationship.
LOAD FACTOR
The load factor is measured in
G’s (acceleration of gravity),
(the left turning tendency of the airplane) is made up of four elements that cause or produce a twisting or rotating motion around at least one of the airplane’s three axes.
torque
4 elements of torque
Size and horsepower of engine
Size of propeller and the rpm
Size of the aircraft
Condition of the ground surface
Effect of torque
Torque reaction from engine and propeller
Corkscrewing effect of the slipstream
Gyroscopic action of the propeller
Asymmetric loading of the propeller (P-factor)
The high-speed rotation of an aircraft propeller gives a corkscrew or spiraling rotation to the slipstream. At high propeller speeds and low forward speed
Corkscrew Effect
When an aircraft is flying with a high AOA, the “bite” of the downward moving blade is greater than the “bite” of the upward moving blade.
P-FACTOR
lift formula
L = CL x ½ pV2 x S
4 BASIC MANEUVERS
Straight and Level Flight
Climbing Flights
Descending Flights
Turning Flights
all forces acting on the airplane is on a state of equilibrium
straight and level flight
what happens when a straight and level flight is done correctly
When done correctly the airspeed will remain constant, the attitude indicator will read wings level with the ball in the center, the heading indicator will not move, and the vertical speed indicator will indicate no climb/descent.
The wing’s lift in a steady state normal climb is the same as it is in a steady level flight at the same airspeed.
Climbing Flight
what happens in the transition between straight and level to climbing flight
During transition from straight-and level flight to a climb, a change in lift occurs when back elevator pressure is first applied.
Is a flight in which changes the aircraft’s altitude.
climbing flight
What are the types of climbing flight
Best Angle of Climb
Best Rate of Climb
Cruise Climb
Also Known as Vx, it allows an aircraft to gain the most altitude in the shortest distance across the ground.
Best Angle of Climb
Also Known as Vy, it allows an aircraft to gain the most altitude in the least amount of time. Expressed in Altitude over time.
Best Rate of Climb
The most fuel-efficient climbing technique. It is the gentler climb, it has a shallow angle of attack, the aircraft is climbing in a faster speed, but will gain the least amount of altitude in a given distance and time.
Cruise Climb
what happens when you enter a descend
Entering the descent, the component of weight acting forward along the flight path increases as the angle of descent increases
Is a basic flight maneuver which results in a loss of altitude.
descending flight
If an aircraft were in a bank, it would be apparent that lift did not act directly opposite to the weight, rather it now acts in the direction of the bank.
Turning Flight
– acts vertically and opposite to the weight.
Vertical Component of Lift
– acts horizontally towards the center of the turn or can also be called centripetal force.
Horizontal Component of lift
is the “equal and opposite reaction” of the aircraft to the change in Direction and acts equal and opposite to the horizontal component of lift.
Centrifugal force
Is a basic flight to change the direction or heading of an aircraft
turning flight
Three types of Turn
Coordinated Turn
Slipping Turn
Skidding Turn
centrifugal force equals horizontal lift
normal turn
centrifugal force less than horizontal lift
slipping turn
centrifugal force greater than horizontal lift
skidding
types of instruments in a C-172 cockpit
Pitot-static instruments
gyroscopic instruments
pressure-sensitive instruments
pitot-static instruments
gyroscope incorporated into design of instrument
gyroscopic instruments
3 pressure-sensitive instruments
airspeed indicator
altimeter
vertical speed indicator
indicates airspeed
airspeed indicator
shows aircraft’s height above mean sea level
altimeter
displays rate of climb or descent
vertical speed indicator
3 gyroscope incorporated into design of instrument
attitude indicator
heading indicator
turn coordinator
shows aircraft’s relation to the horizon
attitude indicator
indicates direction in relation to magnetic north
heading indicator
shows direction and rate of turns and indicates slip and skid
turn coordinator
is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine.
tachometer
- It is basicallya control unit, which controls the amount of fuel or the fuel-air mixture that can enter the engine.
Throttle
-Sets the amount of fuel added to the intake airflow.
Mixture control
isa system used in automobile and piston-powered light aircraft engines to prevent or clear carburetor icing.
Carb Heat - Carburetor heat (usually abbreviated to ‘carb heat’)
- to intercept and block the fuel before it reaches the burner, thus avoiding the boiling temperature of the circuit entering the system from being reached
Fuel Shutoff Valve
- function is to tell the pilot that theoil pressure ant temperatureis within operating limits, ensuring the engine is getting the lubrication it needs.
Oil Temp and Pressure Gauge
- This system displays the amount of fuel in each tank, as well as the total amount of fuel on board
Fuel Indicator
- monitor the vacuum developed in the system that actuates the air driven gyroscopic flight instruments
Suction Gauge
- measures electric current flowing through a wire or circuit
Ammeter
- is a meter used tomonitor the exhaust gas temperature of an internal combustion engine
EGT
- indicates an engine’s fuel use in real time
Fuel Flow Indicator
