Midterm Flashcards

Question

field experiment

Answer 1

way to test for external validity test hypotheses in real-life situations rather than in the laboratory

Answer 2

likelihood that only the manipulated variable accounts for the results, rather than some extraneous factor such as participants failure to understand instructions

Answer 3

selection bias - self-selection bias arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample differential attrition - if many more people "drop out" from one condition than another ... those who stay in the taxing condition are likely to be different from those in the other condition.... providing another factor that explains difference as opposed to condition itself regression to the mean - the tendency of results that are extreme by chance on first measurement—i.e. extremely higher or lower than average—to move closer to the average when measured a second time. Results subject to regression to the mean are those that can be influenced by an element of chance. if you're forced to repeat a terrible experience, it probably won't be as bad as it was the first time... you'll typically return to the mean or mid after something crazy happens For example, if you give a class of students a test on two successive days, the worst performers on the first day will tend to improve their scores on the second day, and the best performers on the first day will tend to do worse on the second day. Experimenter Bias - experimenter can be biased if they know what outcome they want to measure/ results they want to see Expectancy Effects if the participants knows what's being tested....they're likely to act in ways according to what they're being tested on

Answer 4

extent to which participants receive the same score when tested with a conceptually similar instrument or when tested at different times is a scale gonna say the same rock weighs 5 pounds everytime

Answer 5

degree to which some measurement predicts what its supposed to is an IQ test a valid predictor of school grades?

Answer 6

measure of probability that a result could have occurred by chance

Answer 7

repeating a study to see whether or not it can be duplicated

Answer 8

high correlation between mean group size and neocortex abstract complex, thinking in the brain is driven by large group sizes and situations

Answer 9

objects are not passive, but an active, typically unconscious interpretation of what that object represents our perceptions of reality are heavily altered and biased <- visual perception included

Answer 10

Mechanistic: stimulus -> brain -> response (PROXIMATE: close to behavior) Ontogenetic: development (PROXIMATE: close to behavior) Phylogenetic : evolutionary tree (both biological + cultural) (ULTIMATE: evolutionary) Adaptive: why did this trait evolve? what is its function (ULTIMATE: evolutionary)

Answer 11

the idea of having sex with a sibling triggers disgust why? major histocompability complex (MHC) use of pheromones to determine how good you are at fighting off infection if you share a MHC with someone, your children are likely to have duplicates won't be able to fight off a high number of diseases <- less attraction (explains why siblings with similar biological makeup would not fuck w each other) somebody with a more diverse HMC is gonna be more attractive to you because that means your children will be well protected and will have a diverse range of ways to fight off infection

Answer 12

Kinship Estimator: if somebody is younger than you: Maternal Perinatal Association: if your mother gave birth to someone, you're less likely to engage in incest with that person if somebody is older than you: Coresidence Duration <- the longer you lived/grew up with someone in the same household, the less likely you are willing to engage in incest with that (Israeli kibbutz <- tight knit community) increase in incest aversion and increase in altruism.... you don't wanna have sex with these people... but you do want to be nice to them

Answer 13

some mutation in evolutionary history that makes humans and other species adverse to incest

Answer 14

if generation after generation you breed with close kin, you're gonna have some fucked up mutated kids <- aka European royalty

Answer 15

a frog eye does not work like a digital camera its job isn't to get a Clear picture of the world... its to catch flies the frog's eye tells the frog brains exactly what it needs to know we need to think about the design principles that guide behavior/mechanism

Answer 16

archival data shows that southern states are more accepting of violence potential explanations: temperature, violent history of slavery, poverty white men have a culture of honor <- mafia, wild west to maintain one honor of a male, defend your family or yourself with extreme violence phylogenetic: Irish-scotts were constantly defending themselves from theft + violence <- Scott- Irish people from recent history have a history of military/violence <- those people went to the south puritans came from different part of England <- and they didn't have that type of violence when they came to northeast adaptive: importance of personal reputation<- with lack of justice, you need to defend yourself mechanistic: insults to honor <- driving high homicide rates is argument related murders // experiment where you have people bump into people and how dominant you act for southern subjects, if you've been insulted... southerns will not make room for somebody in the hallway and assert their dominance northerners don't really give a fuck for southerners... have stronger handshakes and more dominant demeanor research cortisol + testornone levels <- southerners increase in the moment with cortisol and testostonre ontogenetic: false marriage adduction, games they would play...kicking someone in the shins

Answer 17

people live in clans honor is important men: insult women: sexual fidelity violations of honor are met w extreme violence collective punishment: if you do something, your brother gonna pay for it "blood feud" eye for an eye small communities more prevalent in herding than in farming communities

Answer 18

1. magnitude of effect 2. variability (are people consistent within groups) 3. sample size we want low variability (small interval bars) and high magnitude of effect

Answer 19

literally recording data that you've collected

Answer 20

is the findings from these data random or is this data saying something about the world

Answer 21

how often was it that random chance produced the results we've observed if its unlikely < 5%, these results usually demonstrate causality

Answer 22

1) false positives, false negatives "File Drawer Effect" <- putting all failed experiments in drawer + only publishing experiments that worked even though these only worked by chance... not because they actually work solution: pre-registration <- before they run an experiment, explain what data they're gonna collect and what specific tests they're gonna use to analyze it ... were they expecting the results they got when they went into it? 2) Fraud : making shit up Solution: replication 3) Experimenter Bias Solution: blinding experimenters 4) Participant Bias placebo effect, evaluation apprehension (not answering honestly), task demand (want to prove your theory or purposely want to disprove) solution: natural experiments, covert experiments (people don't know what's being tested), measuring things you can't fake (fMRI, reaction time, heart rate) 5) WEIRD people participants are typically psych students, and experimenters are usually WEIRD too optical illusion heavily based on cultural background 6) Design Artifacts + Interpretation way we try to link data can have logical fallacies between subjects vs within subjects (between the same person) experiment: dictionary and how much you're willing to pay between subjects: more likely to pay for the one that's new within: if you see both dictionaries, most likely to pay more for the one with more words

Answer 23

institutional review board, cost/benefit analysis, informed consent, debriefing

Answer 24

people express the 6 main emotions (fear, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness) in similar ways across cultures

Answer 25

emotions that are more common in everyday lives of the members of a particular culture and expressed with greater frequency and intensity i.e anger in a culture of honor

Answer 26

predicated by culture determine how and when and who can express emotions i.e. asian culture <- learn not to celebrate individual success or personal attributed

Answer 27

idea that positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people build social resources. i.e participants led to feel positive emotions thought of a wider range of ways to respond to different situations than participants who were feeling negative emotions

Answer 28

the idea that people have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events, which influence the way they reason to arrive at a judgement of right or wrong we have an immediate gut feeling about moral judgements i.e seeing a story of incest and immediately being disgusteed even though nobody was harm and no children were reproduced

Answer 29

a theory proposing that there are 5 evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments carel harm - concern for the suffering of others fairness/cheating - loyalty/betrsal - committments we make to groups authority/subversion - purity/degration (disgust)

Answer 30

predicting future emotions, such as whether an event will result in happiness or anger or sadness, and for how long

Answer 31

tendency for people to underestimate their capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events i.e people tend to overestimate how much a romantic breakup would hurt their feelings

Answer 32

a tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of associated factors or other events i.e we tend to assume that once we land a dream job that we'll be happy, but we fail to recognize how future heal problems, marital problems, difficulties with children can also negatively impact us we always think the grass is greener on the other side...but its pretty much the same people in the midwest think they'll be happier in California...but rates of happiness are pretty much the same in both places

Answer 33

giving relative unimportance to the length of an emotional experience, whether pleasurable or unpleasant, in judging and remembering overall experience i.e whether a massage lasts 20 minutes or an hour has little effect on our recollection of pleasure. Quality of experience and its peak and at its end

Answer 34

our long term relationships require that we sacrifice for others even when we are tempted to do otherwise expression of emotions signals our commitment to others and their wellbeing emotions (like guilt) make us put our own interest aside for other people oxytocin <- chemical that fosters comittment in long-term relationships when voles get injected with oxytocin, they are more likely to pair bond w their sexual partners

Answer 35

when people act in ways that conflict with their private beliefs because of a concern for the social consequences i.e embarrassing to admit that you didn't understand a lecture when you suspect that everyone else did, so you stay quiet.

Answer 36

the tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen i.e. a teacher who believes a student is capable is likely to act toward the student in ways that bring out the best in that student, confirming the teacher's initial belief kinda like a negative feedback loop

Answer 37

a type of order effect: information presented first exerts the most influence most often occurs when the information is ambiguous, so that what comes first influences how the later information is interpreted i.e how many dates have you been on and then asking how happy you are

Answer 38

a type of order effect: information presented last has the most impact typically happen when the last items come more readily to mind b/c information remembered obviously receives greater weight than information forgotten

Answer 39

the way that information is presented (either through wording or through order) can influence the way its processed and understood

Answer 40

varies the content of what is presented i.e a company who has higher quality but expensive will advertise their food as higher quality a company who has lower quality but cheap will advertise their food as cost-effective and a meal of savings i.e "illegal aliens" vs "undocumented workers"

Answer 41

things can be emphasized that highlight either the good or the bad 75 % lean vs 25% fat 90% success rate vs 10% fail rate both statments are true and accurate, but they carry different sentiments

Answer 42

temporal framing relationship between temporal distance and abstract or concrete thinking psychologically distant events are thought about in abstract terms actions and events that are temporally closer are thought about in more concrete terms i.e. next month you're helping a friend move, but this afternoon you'll be bringing their chairs up the stairs reason why you think taking a heavy course load is a good idea in the future, but then when you're in it you have to actually face the consequences and execute the concrete details

Answer 43

tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it i.e figure out whether working out the day before a match makes a tenis player more likely to win participants only look at how much a tennis players wins after working out, they don't look at how much a tennis player would lose after working out searching for evidence that fits our beliefs

Answer 44

individual forms conclusions based on their stimulus encountered in the environment data-driven from the ground (the environment) to the brain (up)

Answer 45

theory-driven individual filters and interprets new information in light of prexsisting knowledge and expectations expectations guide attention

Answer 46

the presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus. Priming works by activating an association or representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced. seeing the words "self-confident + independent" or "stubborn, and conceited" influence whether you think somebody eating bugs is adventurous or reckless

Answer 47

mental shortcuts that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgement perfumed quickly and automatically

Answer 48

process how frequent an event occurs based on how easily the event comes to mind If we can vividly remember instances of that event, we deem it to be more common than it actually is When asked if falling airplane parts or shark attacks are a more likely cause of death in the United States, most people would say shark attacks. In reality, the chances of dying from falling airplane parts are 30 times greater than the chances of being killed by a shark. People overestimate the risk of shark attacks because there are far more news stories and movies about them. As a result, images of shark attacks are easier to bring to mind. If you can quickly think of multiple examples of something happening, then you are tricked into thinking it must happen often.

Answer 49

when we try to categorize something by how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category Stereotyping sometimes occurs due to the representativeness heuristic. For example, people with tattoos are often stigmatized and perceived as less professional in job interview settings. Under the representativeness heuristic, a hiring manager might perceive a candidate with tattoos as unsuited for the job.

Answer 50

statistic used to describe the percentage of a population that demonstrates some characteristic somebody is more likely to be a republican if the local population includes a lot of republicans... even if the person themselves may not "look" Republican.

Answer 51

extreme values of one variable to be associated with less extreme values of the other tall parents tend to have tall kids, but not as tall as the parents themselves locations with large numbers of accidents are likely to have fewer accidents afterwards, regardless of the presence of safety cameras

Answer 52

people think they've encountered some crazy phenonmon when its not the case (similar to regression to the mean) people think that putting athletes on Sports Illustrated makes their career worse. but that's not the case. when they're on the cover, they are at their peak. so they're bound to perform worse.... not bc of sports illustrated but because that's the way of life

Answer 53

the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not

Answer 54

a numerical scale used to asses people's attitudes from strongly disagree to strongly agree

Answer 55

the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus, such as an attitude question the quicker it takes for you to respond, the stronger the attitude you have on the topic the quicker you answer a question on the test, the more confident you are in your answer

Answer 56

used to assess attitudes when there is reason to believe that people wouldn't share their true feelings or opinions

Answer 57

the theory that inconsistency between a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions creates an averse emotional state that leads to efforts to restore consistency changing our cognition to make it more consistent with our behavior people always try to rationalize their decisions i.e after placing a bet at the track, people are likely to concentrate on the positive features of the horse rather than the negative features.... rationalization gives them better confidence in the decisions they made

Answer 58

the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing girls in the study... had a whole initiation process to get into a group discussion and the discussion turned out to be boring as fuck.... but because they put so much time into it... they rated the discussion more interesting than it actually was i.e. people think Ikea furniture is worth more because they themselves had to put in the work to build it

Answer 59

when people are induced to behave in a manner that's inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values that subsequently changes their values/beliefs participants get a boring ass task. rate the task as boring then they're asked by the experimenter to convince somebody else that the task is fun. they get either $1 or $20 people who got $20 still rated the task as boring, they knew that the money they got was the reason why they were convincing other people to do the task people who got $1 ... didn't have enough money to justify what they were doing... so they changed their beliefs and actually said that the task was more fun than they had originally stated toys if there was a severe threat to not playing with the toy, they explained the reason why they didn't play w the toy was because of the threat....not bc they didn't like the toy but if they only got a mild threat and didn't play with the toy, they needed to justify that they didn't like the toy and that's why they didn't play with it

Answer 60

people come to know about their beliefs by looking at their behavior and the contact in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be. people don't engage in an unpleasant state of dissonance, but that they're just rationally inferring their attitudes based on their behavior

Answer 61

the theory that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system as fair, desirable, and legitimate

Answer 62

the theory that people deal with the potentially crippling anxiety of death by striving for symbolic immortality in their culture and legacies

Answer 63

- there is free choice - insufficient justification for the behavior - behavior has negative consequences - consequences were foreseeable

Answer 64

how people assign causes to the events around them

Answer 65

linking an event to a cause, such as inferring that a personality trait is responsible for behavior

Answer 66

a person's habitual way of explaining events, typically explained along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, global/specific

Answer 67

an attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way consensus: whether most people would behave the same way or differently in a given situation if there's high consensus... it's usually a result of the external factors ... if everybody likes stats... its probably a good class... if only your friend likes stats... it's more a reflection of who she is as a person rather than the class itself distinctiveness: whether a behavior is unique to a particular situation or occurs in many or all situations does your friend like all classses in general, or does she just like her statistics class? if there's high distinctiveness... usually a result of external factors (situation) than the person consistency: whether an individual behaves the same way or differently in a given situation on different occasions does your friend have favorable things to say about the stats class today only, or has she said good things about it throughout the semester if there's high consistency... easier to attribute behavior to either the person or the situation if there's low consistency, its hard to determine what is the cause

Answer 68

when consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness are all high

Answer 69

consistency is high, consensus and distinctiveness is low more likely a reflection of the person than the situation

Answer 70

the perceived role of a given cause in leading to a given effect is diminished when other possible causes for that event are also detected. just because a person is nice in a job interview doesn't necessarily mean that they are a nice person... in a job interview almost everyone is nice .... you discount/devalue that a person's sunny disposition is a reflection of their character

Answer 71

idea that people will assign greater weight to a particular cause of behavior if other causes are present that normally would produce a different outcome we can be more certain that a person's actions reflect what they are really like if the circumstances would seem to discourage such actions. if a person advocates for a position despite being threatened with torture for doing so, we can safely say that the person truly believes in that position

Answer 72

what coulda shoulda woulda happened "if only"

Answer 73

emotions are amplified if a situation "almost didn't happen" i.e people are more sad if somebody died in a car crash if they just changed their ticket the day before rather than if they always had that seat almost didn't die....sadness intensifies second place almost won first but didn't...mad third place almost didn't place but did... super happy

Answer 74

the tendency to attribute failure and bad events to external circumstances while attributing success and other good events to oneself view success internally and failure externally

Answer 75

the belief that people get what they deserve in life

Answer 76

an actor will tend to think that behavior is situational but an observer will tend to think that behavior is dispositional we think our behaviors are dependent on the situation, but we think that Fiery's behaviors are a reflection of who he is as a person

Answer 77

independent people are more likely to do fundamental attribution error than interdependent people lower-class individuals tend to make more situation attributions as compared to middle-class and upper-class individuals

Answer 78

we only bring parts of ourselves to light depending on the situation notions of the self related to love are most likely to be Brought up with partners notions of the self related to competition are most likely to be brought up during a sports match

Answer 79

people compare themselves to others to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinons, abilities, and internal states

Answer 80

self esteem goes up in areas that matter to you, but drops when you stumble in these areas

Answer 81

an internal marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others need for belongingness

Answer 82

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive views of the self

Answer 83

most people think they are above average on various personality trait and ability dimensions

Answer 84

people can maintain an overall sense of self-worth after a threatening event by affirming a valued aspect of themselves unrelated to the threat if you fail a test, at least you're a good friend

Answer 85

we strive for stable, accurate beliefs about ourselves rather than invariably favorable ones stable beliefs make us more predictable to ourselves and others if you see yourself as extroverted, you will seek to get others to see you as extroverted as well.

Answer 86

people intiate alter and control their behavior in pursuit of their goals

Answer 87

people hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like, but also what they would ideally like to be and what they think they ought to be

Answer 88

who you believe you actually are

Answer 89

represents your hopes and wishes

Answer 90

represents your duties and obligations

Answer 91

agitated related emotions anxiety and guilt when you don't help your ailing grandma

Answer 92

dejected related emotions dissapointment and shame when your American idol audition goes to shit and you're not a rockstar

Answer 93

when people regulate their behavior to their ideal self status a focus on attaining positive outcomes

Answer 94

when people regulate their behavior to their ought self status a focus on avoiding negative outcomes

Answer 95

specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances if-then approach

Answer 96

presenting the person we would like others to believe we are

Answer 97

the tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior in order to have an excuse ready should one perform poorly or fail saying that you didn't study enough for the exam... so if you fail its not a reflection of your academic abilities... but just an excuse that you weren't prepared in the first place providing an explanation for possible failure so you can protect self-image if failure does occur

Answer 98

motivational systems innate adaptive communicative

Answer 99

Babies have an innate fear of spiders <-Babies will look at things that resemble spiders much longer than other things even though they’ve never interacted with spiders before universal: Cross-translational expressions of emotion, across cultures human expression for foundational emotions all look the same innate with blind athletes: blind champions have a Duchenne (genuine) smile, whereas loser have forced smiles Duchenne smiles are incredibly hard to learn/teach people who had Duchenne smiles had self-reported measures of being happier in the future

Answer 100

1) functional properties for facial expression of certain emotions disgust: protect from bacteria surprise: wide eyes to take in all of surroundings 2) Brain Basis for Emotions - amygdala: fear: fight or flight <- rats without an amygdala don't give a fuck - insula: disgust - mid-cingulate: subjective experience of pain : when we're socially excluded, this mid-cingulate cortex is highlighted <- exadaption : pain has evolved to also involve other people and social interactions - ventral striatum: reward

Answer 101

modify others behaviors teach appropriate responses signal commitment

Answer 102

Infants aren’t afraid of snakes unless their moms are afraid of snakes too (learning) BUT Infants aren’t afraid of flowers regardless of whether or not mom is afraid of flowers (innate) Evolution has given the infants the potential/capacity to learn and fear certain things (snakes) and not others (flowers)

Answer 103

modify others behaviors - when you bowl, if somebody is looking at you... you smile If nobody is there to see...you don't smile isn't dependent on whether or not you win phylogenetic chimpanzees grimace when a subordinate is approaching a dominant to show like look don't be mad at me... now we use it to be like no it's ok... there's nothing to worry about (example of an exaptation) when a parent hears a child cry, the amygdala is heightened

Answer 104

Mutually assured destruction Committed yourself to nuke another country to prevent both countries from firing Love Trying to convince someone that you are their life partner irrationally (for better or for worse/ in sickness or in health)

Answer 105

Pavlovian conditioning Play sound, give shock, hair stands up on fur Play sound → hair stands up This is learned: music associated with shock This is innate: shock is associated with hair standing up on fur over time.... once the music is played.. hair will stand up... even without "fire together, wire together" caveat not just fire together wire together.... there needs to be an element of surprise for this connection to be learned

Answer 106

If you associate music with a shock, and then place music + light together, rats aren’t going to respond to just the light They already made an association with music, they don’t need to make another one

Answer 107

calculates the difference between what the animal expects to have happen and what actually happens to the animal on a given event or trial. measures surprise if a is 1, you change your feelings after every situation.. if you have one bad bagel... you hate bagels.... if you have one good bagel... you love bagels if a is 0.01, takes you a long time to change your feelings about a situation

Answer 108

deriving from causal models Example: a rat going through a maze and trying to get food (model based) 1) make a mental map of the maze <- know every possible outcome And then pick the outcome that gives us the best reward LIMITATIONS: takes a long time and likely isn’t feasible (i.e. chess ← there’s no way you can learn all the possible moves + outcomes of chess) goal-directed planning full ass rat there's a lever that lets you get food when you destroy the model free and only have model-based planning the model tells you that the lever gets you food they don't want food. so they don't press the lever

Answer 109

Instead of what will actually happen, you record whether or not an outcome is positive, negative, or neutral Temporal difference learning (nucleus acumbus of striaum) There’s a reward in having a good option So things far off in the future will give you a gut feeling early on that that path is positive you pass back the dopamine from the reward...to the things that are gonna get you the reward habits full ass rat there's a lever that lets you get food when model based is destroyed and model free exists it keeps on pushing the lever but doesn't eat the food because they just associated the lever with the reward...just had a gut feeling of it being good patient HM <- gut feeling about doctors hand being bad...so he made an excuse, even though he couldn't remember what the bad thing was dopamine is surprising reward!!!

Answer 110

because domaine is surprisingly addictive every time, you think that cocaine is better than you thought water/food can't be surprisingly good every time

Answer 111

model free: gut feelings that are trained through experience if you see the stimulus of cyanide... you have a gut feeling that its going to be bad for you... its automatic

Answer 112

reward center

Answer 113

participant watches a computer screen...and there's a 30% chance that he's gonna get shocked ... when he goes into brain scanner...the second he sees squares, his amygdala lights up participant watches someone else get shocked... when the participants goes to scanner... amygdala still lights up when he sees squares participant only gets told that he's gonna get shocked, when he sees sqaures only left side of amygdala lights up <- side that is correlated with language processing

Answer 114

stimulus that's immediately present "outside of you" kissing someone model-free/habit

Answer 115

stimulus that imagined in the mind thinking about kissing something modelbased/planning/working memory

Answer 116

if m+m is repeatedly on left, if you switch m + m to the right there's a conflict working memory: needing to remember where the m+ m is dorsolateral prefrontal cortex <- brain responsible for controlled cognition if dorasalteral prefrontal cortex is damaged, then we are unable to hold information in working memory and manipulated it

Answer 117

measures the ability to actively suppress reward-related responding and to disengage from ongoing behavior, phenomena that are biologically and descriptively related to impulsivity and compulsivity. having to exert control to understand and think through things

Answer 118

flexibility and negation**** which is worse? injecting morphine and killing somebody (action) or removing feeding tube and not saving someone (omission) when omission was favored....using cognitive control....using dorsalteral prefrontal cortex

Answer 119

tells you things that you know are true or that you know are false if all of your cognitive control is used for doing something else.... you're not going to be able to negate the false information acceptance is automatic negation/rejection is controlled

Answer 120

"would you say that you're extremely satisfied with us" its a lot more automatic to say yes and agree to this information than it is to refute/reject this information

Answer 121

an amount loses value the longer that we have to wait we discount the future HYPERBOLICALLY (our preferences are always changing) not exponentially (our preferences stay the same) rather have a reward in the immediate present than in the distant future... even if the reward is smaller in the present

Answer 122

marshmallow test greater self-control delayed reward

Answer 123

our instinctual models think about immediate present (model-free <- reward) (ventral striatum) (driven by present stimulus) our rational brains think about the future (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex <- cognitive control)

Answer 124

willpower depends on cognitive control so if you are doing another task (have cognitive load) and need to think about cake or fruit salad you're most likely to choose the immediate gratification and choose cake

Answer 125

that others judge children positively.... they will avoid failure but approach success have a more fixed theory of intelligence

Answer 126

increasing their own competence... they will approach both failure and success

Answer 127

kids who receive intelligence phrase solve many fewer problems than those who receive effort praise. Those who receive intelligence praise misrepresent themselves to their peers much more often.

Answer 128

making up a reason for something in retrospect without realizing it people make shit up and then believe it we make reasons about why we feel the way that we feel and then we believe it

Answer 129

two faces, pick a face, experiments gives them the other face...and they still justify it

Answer 130

participants are warned not to push the “alt” key or else data will be deleted. The computer then flashes “data deleted.” Does the participant admit to pressing the key, even though they did not? (Kassin & Kiechel 1996) - Compliance = participant signs a confession, internalization = participant tells a confederate that they pressed the key, confabulation = the participant tells the experimenter details of their mistake - Increasing the pace of typing -> increase in compliance, internalization, confabulation - Adding a witness to the scene -> increase in compliance, internalization, confabulation

Answer 131

we think causation happens when one event is followed immediately by another Ouija board

Answer 132

therapist really thinks that the patient is speaking when its their hands that are moving

Answer 133

thinking emotion is coming from one place when its actually coming from another shame- external guilt - internal more likely to behave out of guilt than out of shame

Answer 134

asking someone to do you a favor, they eventually like you well damn if I'm doing all this stuff for someone, I must like them

Answer 135

Likely both - People who are under cognitive load experience cognitive dissonance to a similar extent -> perhaps automatic processes manipulate controlled thought

Answer 136

theory of mind sally anne test

Answer 137

decrease in performance if their cognitive control has been challenged

Answer 138

apes have a theory of mind for competition not cooperation humans have a theory of mind for everything

Answer 139

thinking about others model free

Answer 140

thinking about yourself

Answer 141

comparison of self to internal, idealized standard if you like what you do and it meets your internal standard, you keep doing it if you have a mirror, you're more likely to act virtuously

Answer 142

MPFC is activated <- thinking about others ventral striatum activated <- thinking about reward/pleasure/displeasure