Midterm Flashcards
OCCUR THRU GI TRACT
GI BLEED
2 common cause of lower GI bleeding
diverticulitis
Angiodysplasia
Primary symptom of GI BLEED
Rectal bleeding
With bright red blood
_____, _____, special procedure studies ( IMA/ SMA) Can be performed to diahnose GI BLEED
Endoscopy , nucmed scan
___, ____ or an ____ of vasopression have proven to be effective strategies employed to stop the bleeding
Transcatheter, embolization infusion
____ can form anywhere along the alimentary canal. In this instance, the lining of the appendix has weakened resulting in the formation of a small diverticula.
Diverticula of the appendix
occurs as a result of entrapment of feces within the appendix and the presence of an appendicolith.
Symptoms include right lower quadrant pain and an increase the white blood cell count
A barium enema will demonstrate a spasm of the ____
filling appendix. Mild cases may resolve on their own but more severe infections may require the surgical removal of the appendio
Appendicitis
cecum
occurs when a diverticulum become infected and bleeds.This is well caused by entrapment or chyme or feces within the diverticulum.
Diverticulitis
• is a very common digestive complaint where the patient experiences hard stool that can be difficult to defecate.
Constipation
This is the last example of a disease that may be the cause of a mechanical bowel obstruction.
REGIONAL ENTERITIS OR CROHN’S DISEASE:
is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the bowel and has an unknown etiology.
Crohn’s disease
is a type of neoplasm that originates in glandular tissue and can be the cause a bowel obstruction.
adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma in colon called
Colorectal cancer
Method of choice for diagnosis in colorectal cancer ( adenomatous polyps)
Colonoscopy
The lifetime risk of developing colon cancer in the US is ___% and it is the second most common cause of cancer mortality
7
Adenocarcinoma positive diagnosis is followed by ___& and in many instances___
surgical removal chemotherapy
A neoplasm that grows into the lumen of the colon is called a .
polyp
A _______ possess a stalk while a sessile (barnacle) polyp is attached directly to the bowel wall. Most polyps are benign but an adenomatous polyp may transform into a malignancy and must be removed.
Pedunculated polyp
occurs when a section of bowel is constricted by peristalsis causing it to prolapse or telescope into itself.This condition is primarily confined to infants aged 2 to 36 months and occurs more frequently in boys than girls at a ratio of 3:1
Intussusception
is a loop of intestine that has twisted around itself causing either a partial or complete obstruction.They may resolve on their own but some will require surgical intervention in order to prevent a loss of blood supply to the affected area and relieve the obstruction.
volvulus
• A large portion of this patients bowel (arrows) has protruded through an unnatural opening within the abdominal wall. This is called an____ and it is estimated that about 5% of the population will develop an abdominal wall hernia.
Hernia: Inguinal
This type of obstruction is caused by a weakening of the abdominal wall that allows a portion of the small and/or large intestine to protrude through it.
Hernia
A common hernia in men is called an
inguinal hernia.
This is the second category for bowel obstructions. •A mechanical obstruction is caused by a motility disorder that results from some type of structural abnormality. Many factors can contribute to a mechanical bowel obstruction and some of them are listed below:
MECHANICAL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION:
:
This type of bowel obstruction is caused by a reduction in the normal peristaltic action of the intestines.
• This loss of peristalsis will cause the lumen of both the small and large intestines to fill with air and fluid.
• Therefore, the radiographic appearance of air in both the small and large intestines is an indication of this condition.
ADYNAMIC OR PARALYTIC ILEUS
The two broad categories of bowel obstructions are as follows: ___/___, ___
adynamic or paralytic ileus and a mechanical bowel obstruction.
:
• This is a hard mass of entangled material found within the stomach or intestines that cannot be digested.
BEZOAR
- appearance of adenocarcinoma.
APPLE CORE
It is generally asymptomatic in the early stages and has generally metastasized to other areas of the body by the time it has been diagnosed.As a result, it has a poor prognosis,UGI studies present thick, Irregular, and rigid (linitis plastica) folds.
•
GASTRIC CARCINOMA:
3 Treatment includes in gastric carcinoma
gastrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
- These are very rare and may be a complication of gastric carcinoma
Gastric Ulcers
These are located in the duodenum and are much morecommon than gastric ulcers.
Peptic Ulcers-
is a general term that is used to describe ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.This is usually a chronic disease.
PUD
is an opportunistic fungus that commonly inhabits the mouth, throat, GI tract and vagina.
Candida
Candida over grows within the body it can lead to conditions such as ___ and .Immunocompromised patients that are HIV positive or patients on chemotherapy are predisposed to this infection.
thrush
candidiasis
occurs as the result of a fungus that has affected the esophagus.This is sometimes referred to as thrush.It is an opportunistic infection that is often found in HIV positive and cancer patients due to the state of their suppressed immune system.
CANDIDA:
(gastric pull-up)
-The affected portion of the esophagus is removed and the stomach is pulled up into the thorax.
Esophagogastrectomy
Treatment for esophagus cancer
Chemotherapy-Radiation Therapy
represents 2% of all cancers and there is a high incidence in smokers and alcoholics.
• The prognosis for this cancer is very poor as it has a 5 year survival rate of 25%
• It presents with very “ratty” radiographic appearance on a barium swallow
Esophagus cancer
ARE DILATED, TORTUOUS VEINS OF THE ESOPHAGUS WHICH MAY RUPTURE.
THEY ARE COMMONLY A RESULT OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND/OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
ESOPHAGEAL VARIES ARE OFTEN A COMPLICATION OF ALCOHOLISM.
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
: opposite of acid reflux
This UGI radiograph demonstrates a condition called achalasia. This is an esophageal motility disorder that is caused by a lack of peristalsis. As a result, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES ) fails to relax during swallowing and the esophagus fills with, in this case, barium
ACHALASIA
3 Treatment for achalasia
bland diet, medication to relax LES surgery, upright position to reduce regurgitation
This UGI radiograph demonstrates a condition called ____. This is an esophageal motility disorder that is caused by a lack of peristalsis. As a result, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES ) fails to relax during swallowing and the esophagus fills with, in this case, barium
achalasia
is commonly associated with a hiatal hernia.
-It is acquired by poor eating habits, obesity, pregnancy, NG tubes, alcohol abuse, tobacco, and as a side effect of morphine.
GERD
:
This is often abbreviated as GERD and it is also often referred to as heartburn and acid reflux.
This disease is characterized by a backward flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompatent lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• The protrusion of a portion of the stomach (hernia) through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm (hiatus) is referred to as a hiatal hernia In this particular case (a) is pointing to the fundus of the stomach that has herniated through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm (b).
SLIDING HIATAL HERNIA:
A hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes (herniates) into the thorax through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.- SLIDING HIATAL HERNIA- most common type of hiatal hernia encountered.
HIATAL HERNIA:
if very rare but occurs when portion of the stomach herniates into the thorax while the gastroesophageal. Junction remains stationary. This is one of the most common findings on an UGI series.
rolling or paraesophageal hiatal hernia
arises in the distal esophagus Just superior to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).They may form as a complication to achalasia.
Diverticula located within the distal 10 cm of the esophagus are referred to as an epiphrenic diverticula(arrow)
EPIPHRENIC DIVERTICULUM:
:• This type of diverticulum forms in the mid esophagus area. • Traction diverticulum may form due to scarring from pulmonary tuberculosis or an inflammatory process within the mediastinum.
TRACTION DIVERTICULUM
arise from the posterior wall of the upper esophagus In the area of the pharynx. Although often asymptomatic, they can cause dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) and halitosis (bad breath).
ZENKER DIVERTICULUM:
Some common causes of an adynamic ileus are as follows:
Anesthesia/Some Medications
Abdominal Surgery
Illness
