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Clinical Anatomy Lab > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the how BW is transferred from the vertebral column to the forefoot/ spring ligament?

A

Transferred from vertebral column through sacroiliac ligaments to pelvic girdle to the hip joints on femurs
Femoral condyles articulat w/ tibia (femortibial joints) to the talus (talocrural joint) then to the calcaneus & forefoot/spring ligament

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2
Q

The muscles within the superficial region of the gluteal have what main attachment & common actions?

A
  • Ala of illium
  • Mainly extend, about & medially rotate the thigh
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3
Q

The muscles within the deep region of the gluteal have what common attachment & common actions?

A
  • Intertrochanteric crest of femur
  • Laterally rotate thigh & stabilize hip joint
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4
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A
  • Anterior thigh muscles, skin of thigh, & branch to anteromedial skin of knee, leg & foot
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5
Q

Where does the obturator nerve run & what does it supply?

A
  • Runs medial to psoas major, along lateral wall of pelvis to exit through obturator foramen to supply muscles of medial thigh
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6
Q

True or False: The sciatic nerve innervated muscles in the gluteal region

A

False: Even though it appears here it does not innervate any muscles

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7
Q

What does the lateral intermusclar septum separate?

A

Anterior & posterior compartments

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal Ligament
Sartorius muscle
Adductor Longus muscle

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9
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Femoral Nerve
  • Femoral Artery
  • Femoral Vein
  • Empty Space
  • Deep inguinal lymph nodes
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10
Q

What does the the saphenous nerve pass through?

A
  • Vastoabductor Canal
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11
Q

At what point does the femoral artery become popliteal?

A

At the adductor hiatus

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the femoral canal?

A

Allows femoral vein to increase in size when there is an increased venous return

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13
Q

When does the external iliac artery have a name change and to what?

A
  • At femoral triangle to the femoral artery
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14
Q

What two arteries do the popliteal artery turn into & when?

A

-Anterior & posterior tibial artery at the inferior border of popliteus

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15
Q

How does the anterior tibial artery get to the anterior compartment?

A

Pokes through the interosseous membrane

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16
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery turn into and when?

A

Dorsal pedis artery at distal to the inferior extensor retinaculum

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17
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery turn into & when?

A

Medial & lateral plantar arteries, distal to the flexor retinaculum

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18
Q

What compartments do the fibular artery supply?

A

Posterior & indirectly the lateral

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19
Q

How does the fibular artery supply the lateral compartment?

A

Through perforating branches

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20
Q

Does the talus have any muscular attachments?

A

NO

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21
Q

If a patient comes into the clinic complaining of pain in their foot and they tell you they fell onto their heel what are you suspecting?

A

Calcaneous Fx

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22
Q

The deltoid ligament fans out from medial malleolus and attaches?

A

Distally to talus, calcaneous (talar shelf) & navicular bone

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23
Q

What two joints make up the transverse tarsal joints?

A

Talonavicular & calcaneocuboid

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24
Q

Where doe most amputation of the foot occur?

A

Transvers tarsal (“surgeon’s tarsal joint)

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25
Q

What kinda of support do muscles & ligament give the arches respectively?

A

Muscles –> active
Ligament –> passive

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26
Q

What bones does the medial arch contain?

A

Navicular, cuneiforme & metatarsal 1-3

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27
Q

What bones the lateral longitudinal arch contain?

A

cuboid & metatarsal 4 + 5

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28
Q

What bones make the transverse arch?

A

Cuboid, cuneiforms & bases of all metatarsals

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29
Q

What ligaments, responsible for maintaining the arches, receive the most amount of stress?

A

Plantar ligaments

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30
Q

When the plantar ligaments & aponeurosis have been severely stretched out that the spring ligament can no longer support the talar head & then medial arch falls, this is know as?

A

Pes Planus (Flat foot)

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31
Q

What is the most important action of the intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Help maintain the arches of the foot

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32
Q

What intrinsic foot muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

A

1st lumbrical
Abductor hallucis brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis

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33
Q

How does quadratus plantae assist in flexion of 4 digits?

A

It inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus

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34
Q

Collectively what is the action of the lumbricals?

A

Flex proximal phalanges
(Aid) Extend in middle & distal phalanges

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35
Q

The plantar arterial arch represents an anastomosis b/w what arteries?

A

Lateral Plantar artery & dorsal pedis (via deep plantar artery)

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36
Q

Where does the deep plantar artery emerge from & what is its significance?

A

Emerges on plantar surface b/w base of 1st & 2nd metatarsal
Creates the anatomosis b/w lateral plantar artery & dorsals pedis

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37
Q

What branches from the dorsals pedis artery?

A

Arcuate

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38
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

Cutaneous sensation to majority of dorsal aspect of foot
Muscles of lateral compartment

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39
Q

Where does the deep fibular nerve provide cutaneous innervation?

A

Skin inbetween 1st & 2nd digits

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40
Q

Where does the tibial nerve course and where does it divide & into what?

A

Couses posterior compartment, divides into medial & lateral plantar nerves posterior to medial malleolus

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41
Q

What cutaneous supply does the medial plantar nerve supply?

A

Medial 3 & 1/2 digits on plantar surface of foot

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42
Q

What cutaneous supply does the lateral plantar nerve supply>

A

Lateral 1 & 1/2 digits on plantar surface of foot

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43
Q

What cutaneous innervation of the saphenous & sural nerves provide respectively?

A

Saph–> medial foot surface
Sural –> lateral foot surface

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44
Q

What innervates the proximal plantar surface?

A

calcaneal branches off tibial nerve

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45
Q

What are the superficial boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Biceps femoris (superolaterally)
  • Semimembranosus & semitendinosus muscles (superomedially)
  • Medial head of gastric (inferomedially)
  • Lateral head of gastroc (inferolaterally)
  • Skin & deep fascia (roof)
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46
Q

What are the deep borders of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Supracondylar lines of femur (superior)
  • Soleal line of tibia (inferior)
  • Posterior capsule & fascia (floor)
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47
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. Termination of small saphenous V
  2. Popliteal artery & vein
  3. Tibial & common fibular nerves
  4. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
  5. Lymph nodes & vessels
  6. Fat
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48
Q

Where does the IT band attach on the tibia?

A

Gerdy tubercle

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49
Q

What divides the posterior compartment into superficial & deep?

A

Transverse inter-muscular septs

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50
Q

What does the flexor retinaculum do for the posterior compartment?

A

Holds tendon, tibial nerve & posterior tibial artery in place

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51
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum a continuation of?

A

transverse intermuscular septum

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52
Q

What is the purpose of the genicular anastomosis?

A

Full knee flexion may kink popliteal artery, so important to maintain arterial flow

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53
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into & where?

A

Tibial & common fibular nerve at superior margin of popliteal fossa

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54
Q

What nerves do the branches, medial & lateral sural cutaneous nerves, come off respectively & what do these branches come together to form?

A

Medial comes off tibial
Lateral comes off common fibular
Form to make sural nerve

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55
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and what are their innervation?

A

Tib anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis longus & fib tertius
Deep fibular

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56
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg and what is their innervation?

A

Fib long & brev
Superficial fibular nerve

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57
Q

If a patient comes in with foot drop what nerve may be injured?

A

Common fibular nerve

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58
Q

True or False: The gastroc muscles can plantar flex the ankle but only when the knee is extended

A

True

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59
Q

True or False: The soleus can PF the ankle from any position

A

True (b/c does not cross knee joint)

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60
Q

What type of muscle fibers is the gastroc muscle predominantly?

A

Fast twitch (powerful, spurt contraction)

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61
Q

What type of muscle fiber is the soleus?

A

Slow twtich

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62
Q

What nerve innervated the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial

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63
Q

When is some rotation allowed at the knee joint?

A

When the tibia is fixed

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64
Q

When is the knee most stable and why?

A

In extension b/c articulating surface are most congruent, collateral & cruciate ligaments are taut

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65
Q

How does the patella provide greater mechanical advantage?

A

Moves tendon more anteriorly than the tibial tuberosity & farther from joint axis

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66
Q

What way does the patella commonly sublux?

A

Laterally

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67
Q

Clinically, why is it important that the supra patellar bursa is continuous with the joint space?

A

Infection in bursa can extend to & involve knee joint space

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68
Q

What do the pre patellar & superficial infra patellar bursae allow?

A

skin to move freely around knee as it bends

69
Q

What separates the deep inframpatellar bursa from the joint space?

A

infra patellar fat pad

70
Q

What structures are continuous with the capsule of the knee?

A

Tendons of quadriceps femoris, patella, patellar ligament

71
Q

True or false: the cruciate are not within synovial cavity

72
Q

Why are the cruciate not within the synovial cavity?

A

Synovium tents around them by small attachment anteriorly to intercondylar notch of femur (infrapaterllar synovial fold)

73
Q

What important role do the medial & lateral patellar retinacula play?

A

keep vertical ridge on deep surface of the patella in condylar groove

74
Q

Respectively what are the medial & lateral patellar retinacula extensions from?

A

Aponeurosis of vastus medialis & lateralis

75
Q

what is the oblique popliteal ligament an expansion of and what is its footprint?

A

Expansion of semimembranous
Spans intracondylar fossa, arises posterior to medial tibial condyle & passes superolaterally toward lateral femoral condyle blending w/ joint capsule

76
Q

Where does the arcuate popliteal ligament arise from, passes, & spreads over?

A

Arises from posterior aspect of fibular head
Passes superomedially over tendon of popliteus muscle
Spreads over posterior surface of knee joint

77
Q

What is the footprint of the MCL?

A

Extends from medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle & superior part of medial surface of tibia

78
Q

What is the function of the MCL?

A

Stability while standing
Limit lateral rotation of tibia when knee flexed

79
Q

When can the MCL limit lateral rotation of tibia?

A

When knee is flexed

80
Q

True or False: Fibers of MCL are firmly adherent to medial meniscus

81
Q

Which is damaged more often MCL or LCL?

A

MCL (weaker)

82
Q

What is the foot print of LCL?

A

Extends from lateral epicondyle to lateral surface of fibular head

83
Q

When can the LCL resist varus stress?

A

On extended knee & flexed up to 30°

84
Q

When does the LCL resist medial rotation of the tibia?

A

when knee is flexed

85
Q

What tendon does the LCL split?

A

Bicep femoris

86
Q

In knee flexion what is limiting medial & lateral rotation of leg?

A

Medial rotation (10°) is limited by winding of cruciates
Lateral rotation (60°) is limited by MCL

87
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A
  1. Limit femoral condyles from rolling in flexion
  2. Prevents posterior displacement of femur on tibia & hyperextension of knee joint
88
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A
  1. Limits anterior rolling of femoral condyles in extension
  2. Prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia
89
Q

What is the main stabilizer when bearing weight on a flexed knee? (ACL or PCL)

90
Q

What does the poster meniscofemoral ligament join?

A

Lateral meniscus to PCL & medial femoral condyle

91
Q

What ligament joins the 2 meniscus?

A

Transvers meniscal ligament

92
Q

Which meniscus is more mobile & why?

A

Lateral b/c contraction of popliteus muscle

93
Q

Which tear of meniscus are more likely to heal?

A

Peripheral tears

94
Q

Why is it hard to heal central tears of Meniscus?

A

Poor blood supple

95
Q

What are the names of the bands that make up deltoid ligaments?

A

Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal

96
Q

Order the lateral 3 bands of the ankle from weakest to strongest?

A

ATFL
CFL
PTFL

97
Q

Embryologically what occurs to result in a pronated position?

A

Lower limb from trunk and rotated medially

98
Q

What two nerves make lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral and obturator

99
Q

What nerve makes sacral plexus?

100
Q

What specifically helps to support the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Plantar Fascia
Spring Lig
Tib Post
Tib ant
FHL, FDL, FHB, FDB

101
Q

What specifically helps to support the integrity of the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Plantar fascia
Long plantar lig
Short plantar lig
Fib longus muscle
FDB

102
Q

What specifically helps to support the integrity of the transverse arch?

A

Fib Long m
Tib posterior m
ADH (transverse head)

103
Q

What muscles are in layer one of the plantar aspect of foot?

A

Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti mini
Flexor digitorum brevis

104
Q

What muscles and tendons are in layer 2 of plantar aspect of foot?

A

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
Flex digitorum longus tendon
Flex hallucis longus tendon

105
Q

What is in the 3rd layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?

A

Flexor Hallucis brevis (both heads)
Adductor hallucis (both heads)
Flexor digiti minimi
sesamoid bones

106
Q

What is in layer 4 of the plantar aspect of the foot?

A

3 plantar
4 dorsal

107
Q

True or False: The patella does not have an articulation with the tibia

108
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments of the knee that provide anterior stabilization?

A

Quad tendon & patellar lig
Medial & lateral retinaculum
Extension of fascia from quad muscle

109
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments of the knee that provide posterior stabilization?

A

Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament

110
Q

What is the extra capsular ligament of the knee that provides medial stabilization?

111
Q

What is the extra capsular ligament of the knee that provides lateral stabilization?

112
Q

What are intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Cruciates
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament

113
Q

What makes up the TT joint?

A

calceocuboid & talonavicular

114
Q

What makes up the TCN joint?

A

Talonavicular & subtalar

115
Q

What kind of joint is proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Plane synovial
Superior/infer gliding

116
Q

What ligaments support the tibiofibular joint?

A

Anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibulae head
Interosseous membrane

117
Q

What kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis

118
Q

What are the supporting ligament for the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament
Anterior and posterior ligament

119
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Hinge synovial

120
Q

What are the two bands of the bifurcate ligament?

A

Calcaneonavicular
Calcaneocuboid

121
Q

What is the technical name for the spring ligament?

A

Calcaneonavicular

122
Q

What is the technical name for the long plantar ligament?

A

Calcaneo-cuboid-metatarsals

123
Q

What is the technical name for short plantar?

A

Calcaneo-cuboid

124
Q

What kind of joint is the TCN joint?

A

Compund (ball and socket)

125
Q

What makes up the Talar acetabulum?

A

Navicular
Anterior and middle facets
Spring ligament
Deltoid ligament
Bifurcate ligament

126
Q

What part of the bifurcate ligament is within the talar acetabulum?

A

Calcaneonavicular

127
Q

What kind of joint is TT?

A

Ball and socket (talonavicular)
Part planar (calcaneocuboid)

128
Q

What type of joints are the TMT joints?

A

Plane type

129
Q

What type of joints are the MTP?

130
Q

What type of joints are the IP?

131
Q

What is the only bone in the foot to articulate with the leg bones?

132
Q

How many facets are on the subtalar joint and what are their names?

A

3
Posterior
Middle
Anterior

133
Q

What type of joints are the femorotibial articulation?

A

Synovial modified hinge joints

134
Q

What motions are allowed at the femorotibial articulations?

A

Flexion, extension (gliding, rolling)
Some rotation when knee is flexed

135
Q

How many facets does the patella have?

136
Q

True or false: the patella does not articulate with the tibia

137
Q

What is the supra patellar bursae?

A

Superior extension of the joint cavity

138
Q

What separates the medial and lateral femoral condyles?

A

Intercondylar fossa

139
Q

Which epicondyle of the femur is larger?

140
Q

What is a common MOI for housemaid’s knee?

A

Kneeling often without protecting knee pads

141
Q

What are both menisci firmly adherent to? And where do their external margins attach?

A

Intercondylar region
External margins attach to joint capsule of knee

142
Q

Which meniscus is less mobile and why?

A

Medial b/c adherent to MCL

143
Q

What are the shapes of the medial and lateral meniscus resepectively?

A

Medial –> C
Lateral –> o

144
Q

What are coronary ligaments?

A

Portions of the joint capsule extending b/w margins of the meniscus & most periphery of tibial condyles

145
Q

What are the medially supporting muscles of the knee joint?

A

Pes Anserine
Sartorius, Gracillis, Semitendinous

146
Q

What muscles supports the knee joint laterally?

A

IT band & bicep femoris

147
Q

What muscles support the knee joint posteriorly?

A

Lateral head of gastroc

148
Q

What muscles support the knee joint anteriorly?

A

Rectus femoris
Fibers of vastus medals & laterals

149
Q

what two joints does the Calcaneofibular ligament cross?

A

Talcocrural & Subtalar

150
Q

What are the primary ligamentous support of the subtalar joint?

A

Tibiocalcaneal part of ML
Calcaneofibular part of LL
Interosseous ligament
Cervical ligament

151
Q

which calcaneal tubercle makes contact with ground in standing?

152
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

Obtuse angle b/w axis of head/neck of femur & shaft

153
Q

What is the average angle on inclination?

A

126
Decreases w/ age

154
Q

What is the torsion angle?

A

Difference b.w axes of femoral neck & femoral condyles when viewed along longitudinal axis

155
Q

True or false the femur articulates with fibula?

156
Q

True or False: The medial side of the foot is not in contact with the ground

157
Q

What does the ATFL course?

A

Extend from lateral malleolus to neck of talus

158
Q

What does the PTFL course?

A

Runs horizontally & medially from malleolus to lateral tubercle of talus

159
Q

What does the CFL course?

A

Tip of malleolus to lateral surface of calcaneus

160
Q

What 2 arches does fib longus support?

A

Lateral & transverse

161
Q

How does pes planus occur?

A

Overstretching plantar ligaments & aponeurosis
Spring ligament can not fully support talar head so medial longitudinal arch falls with talar head displacing inferomedially

162
Q

What is the position of the forefoot pes planus occurs?

A

Laterally deviated

163
Q

True or False: The EHB is actually part of the EDB

164
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis continuous with?

A

crural fascia (deep fascia of the leg)

165
Q

Which three digits are the plantar interossei muscles going to adduct?

166
Q

What side of the digits will the plantar interossei muscles be found?

167
Q

What are the borders of the anterior compartment?

A
  • Lateral surface of tibia
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Medial surface of fibular
  • Anterior intermuscular septa
168
Q

When does the transverse intemuscluar septa become the flexor retimaculum?

A

Spans medial malleolus to calcaneus

169
Q

What are the borders of the lateral compartment?

A
  • Anterior & posterior intermuscular septa
  • Superior fibular retinaculum

Clinical Anatomy Lab (7 decks)

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