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Clinical Anatomy Lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What actions do the anterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

Hip flexion
Knee Extension

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2
Q

What action does the medial compartment of the thigh do?

A

Adductor

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3
Q

What invests the LE?

A

Deep Fascia

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4
Q

What separates the compartments of the thigh and what are those compartment?

A

Fibrous septa of the fascia lata & crural fascia
Anterior, medial & posterior

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5
Q

Where does the fascia lata attach superiorly?

A

Inguinal ligament, pubic arch, body of pubis & pubic tubercle

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6
Q

Where does the fascia lata attach laterally & posteriorly?

A

Iliac crest

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7
Q

Where does the fascia lata attach posteriorly to?

A

Sacrum, coccyx, sarcrotuberous ligament & ischial tuberosity

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8
Q

What is an extremely strong, thickened lateral compartment of the fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial band

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9
Q

What muscles does the iliotibal band enclose?

A

Tensor fascia lata & Gluteus maximus

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10
Q

Where does the IT band attach at distal?

A

Gerdy’s tubercle on the tibia

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11
Q

What permits the passage of the great saphenous vein and where?

A

Saphenous opening
Inferior to medial part of the inguinal ligament

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12
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the leg and what is it continuous with?

A

Crural fascia
Continuous with the fascia lata

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13
Q

Which veins contain more valves? superficial or deep?

A

Deep

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14
Q

What are the 2 major superficial veins?

A

Great & small saphenous veins

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15
Q

What combines to give rise to the great saphenous veins?

A

Dorsal vein of great toe & dorsal venous arch

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16
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein empty into?

A

Femoral vein

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17
Q

What combines to form the small saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal vein of the small toe & dorsal venous arch

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18
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein empty into?

A

Popliteal vein

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19
Q

What doe pulsations from arteries & compression from muscles aid in?

A

Venous return

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20
Q

Why does perforating veins always allow blood from superficial to deep only?

A

Pierce the deep fascia and valves

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Superiorly: Inguinal ligament
Medially: Adductor longus muscle
Laterally: Sartorius Muscles
Apex: Where sartorial m & adductor longus muscle cross
Roof: Fascia lata, subcutaneous tissue & skin
Floor: iliopsas & pectinous mm

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22
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral N & branches
Femoral Sheath
Femoral A
Femoral V
Lymph Nodes

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23
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

Funnel shaped fascial tube extending 4 cm inferiorly from inguinal ligament

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24
Q

What is the femoral sheath a continuation of?

A

Transveralis fascia of abdominal wall & fascia covering the iliopsoas muscle
Blends with outer layer of femoral vessels (tunica adventitia)

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25
Q

What does the femoral sheath allow?

A

Femoral vessels to glide easily beneath the inguinal ligament during movement of the hip (flex/ext)

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26
Q

What are the three compartments of the femoral sheath & what is the contents?

A

Lateral: femoral artery
Intermediate: Femoral Vein
Medial: is the femoral canal (normally empty)

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27
Q

What is the proximal opening into the femoral canal?

A

Femoral ring

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28
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?

A

Laterally: Fascial partition b/w femoral canal & vein
Posteriorly: Superior ramus of pubis covered by pectinous m
Medially: Lacunar ligament
Anteriorly: Medial aspect of inguinal ligament

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29
Q

What is the inguinal ligament and what it is formed by?

A

Retinaculum
Formed from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle of the anterior abdominal wall

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30
Q

Fibers of the inguinal ligament that attach to the superior pubic ramus make up what?

A

Lacunar ligament

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31
Q

Fibers of the inguinal ligament that attach most posterior & laterally projecting represent what?

A

Pectineal ligament

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32
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sartorius
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Tensor of fascia lata
Quadriceps femoris

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33
Q

All muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh are innervated by the femoral nerve except?

A

Psoas major & Tensor fascia lata

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34
Q

What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Gracilis
Adductor Longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor Magnus

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35
Q

Branches of the obturator nerve innervate the muscles of medial compartment except?

A

Part of adductor Magnus

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36
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

Narrow fascial tunnel coursing about 15 cm long in the thigh, deep to middle 1/3 of sartorius muscle

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37
Q

What does the adductor canal provide a passage way for?

A

Provides passage through the musculature for vessels to reach the popliteal fossa

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38
Q

Where the does the proximal end of the adductor canal begin and what is the distal end?

A

Prox: Where sartorius muscles cross over the adductor longus muscle
Distal: Adductor hiatus

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39
Q

What things pass through the adductor canal?

A

Femoral artery & veins
Femoral nerves
Saphenous N
Nerve to vastus medialis m

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40
Q

What things pass through the adductor canal and then through the hiatus to the popliteal fossa?

A

Femoral artery & vein

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41
Q

What is the name of the branch off the femoral artery?

A

Profunda femoris artery (deep artery of the thigh)

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42
Q

What artery does the deep artery of the thigh give off?

A

Circumflex femoral arteries

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43
Q

How does the posterior compartment of the thigh get blood?

A

Deep artery sends several perforating branches

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44
Q

Does the posterior compartment have an artery coursing through it?

A

No

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45
Q

What is the transitional region from trunk to limb posteriorly?

A

Gluteal region

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46
Q

What are 3 clinical correlation of Femoral triangle?

A

Cannulation of femoral A & V
Femoral hernia

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47
Q

What is a hip pointer?

A

Contusion of iliac crest, usually anterior near ASIS & organ of sartorius muscle caused by collision

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48
Q

What is a charley horse?

A

Muscle fibers tearing, hematoma in quadriceps causing localized pain

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49
Q

Which muscle is the largest & most powerful adductor in the thigh?

A

Adductor Magnus

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50
Q

What are the three parts of adductor magnus?

A

Minimus, adductor & hamstring parts

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51
Q

Where is the adductor portion of adductor Magnus attached and what can it do?

A

Attached along entire length of linea aspera of femur & inferiorly onto medial supracondylar ridge
Can flex the thigh

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52
Q

What are the difference between the hamstring portion of adductor Magnus & the rest of the muscle?

A

Attachment: Attached to ischial tuberosity to adductor tubercle
Nerve Supply: Tibial division of sciatic nerve
Main Action: Extend the thigh

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53
Q

True or False: Hamstring portion does not fulfill all the criteria to be a true hamstring

A

True

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54
Q

What is a pulled groin?

A

Stretching injury (strain of adductor muscles/and or tearing of their proximal attachments

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55
Q

Within the proximal thigh what nerves travel from the abdominal wall & send branches to innervate the skin?

A

Subcostal, iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal nerves

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56
Q

What muscle does the genitofemoral nerve pierce & where does it go?

A

Psoas Major
- Descends on the surface of the muscles to the inguinal region

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57
Q

Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve emerge & where does it travel?

A
  • Emerges Superolateral to femoral nerve from deep to lateral edge of psoas muscle
  • Travels laterally to anterolateral thigh by cousin deep to most lateral part of inguinal ligament
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58
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Anterolateral thigh

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59
Q

How does the obturator nerve reach the medial thigh?

A

Travels through obturator foramen

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60
Q

What muscle does the femoral nerve originate within?

A

Psoas Major

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61
Q

Where does the femoral nerve travel?

A

Lateral to pass major on surface of lilacus muscle, then deep to middle of inguinal ligament & into thigh

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62
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Iliac muscle
Anterior compartment muscle of thigh

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63
Q

What is the farthest reaching branch of the femoral nerve & what does it innervate?

A

Saphenous nerve
Cutaneous innervation to medial leg & medial aspect of proximal foot

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64
Q

What is the gluteal region bounded by?

A

Superiorly: Iliac Crest
Medially: Intergluteal cleft
Inferiorly: Gluteal fold

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65
Q

What bones form the aceatublum?

A

All 3 pelvic bones (ilium, ischium & pubis)

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66
Q

How is the femur oriented and why?

A

Obliquely to put knees more adjacent & inferior to trunk

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67
Q

What are the prominent feature of the femur?

A

Head, neck, greater & lesser trochanter & large condyles

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68
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

Obtuse angle b/w basic of femoral neck & femoral shaft

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69
Q

What does the angle of inclination of the femur have to do with mobility?

A

Arrangement allows for greater mobility of hip joint by placing head & neck of femur more perpendicular to acetabulum

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70
Q

Due to the angle of inclination how can the muscles be oriented?

A

Rotator muscle oriented laterally
Abductors placed superiorly (freeing lateral surface of femur for attachment of knee extensors)

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71
Q

The articulation of what forms the anterior sacroiliac joint?

A

Auricular surfaces of sacrum & ilium have irregular surfaces of which interlock

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72
Q

Why is the anterior sacroiliac joint unique?

A

Synovial joint with very little mobility

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73
Q

What are the thin anterior fibers of the capsule?

A

Anterior sacroiliac ligaments

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74
Q

What surrounds the posterior sacroiliac joint?

A

Posterior sacroiliac ligaments

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75
Q

What are the posterior sacroiliac ligaments?

A

External continuations of deeper interosseous ligaments

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76
Q

What are interosseous ligaments?

A

Strong fibers that connect the tuberoses of sacrum & ilium

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77
Q

What does the orientation of the interossus ligament do to the ilia?

A

Pulls it inward when body weigh drives sacrum downward

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78
Q

What do the iliolumbar ligaments do?

A

Strengthen lumbrosacral joints by spanning from transverse process of L4,5 to ilium

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79
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?

A

Posterior ilium & lateral sacrum & coccyx to ischial tuberosity

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80
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament run?

A

From lateral sacrum & coccyx to ischial spine

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81
Q

What force does the sacrospinous & sacrotuberous ligament resist?

A

Anterior/Inferior rotation of sacrum from body weight

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82
Q

What is the greater sciatic foramen an opening for?

A

Structures entering or leaving the pelvis

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83
Q

What is the lesser sciatic foramen an opening for?

A

Structures entering or leaving the perineum

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84
Q

What is the name of the part on the femur that is not covered with articular cartilage>

A

Central area called the fovea

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85
Q

What attaches to the fovea?

A

ligament of femoral head (ligament teres)

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86
Q

Why are the surfaces of the femoral head not congruent when standing upright?

A

B/c acetabulum faces anteriorly, laterally & inferiorly
- Angle of femoral neck & head

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87
Q

What part of the femoral head is exposed when standing upright?

A

Anterior portion

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88
Q

Where is the lunate surface of the acetabulum and what does it cover?

A

Covered with cartilage at the periphery, covers the rim

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89
Q

What is the acetabular notch?

A

Inferiorly the lunate surface of the acetabulum is deficient this makes the acetabular notch

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90
Q

What is the labrum & what does it do?

A

Lip of cartilage
Extends off the rim to keep socket & adds about 10% more surface area to acetabulum

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91
Q

What is the transverse acetabular ligament & what does it span?

A

Inferior continuation of labrum & spans the notch

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92
Q

What is the acetabular fossa?

A

Deepest, most central part of acetabulum
- Formed mainly by ischium

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93
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint?

A

Flexion- Extension
Adduction- Abduction
Medial - Lateral Rotation
Cirumduction

94
Q

Where does the capsule of the hip attach to?

A

Proximally: From acetabular rim & transfers acetabular ligament
Anteriorly: Intertrochanteric line

95
Q

T/F: There is an attachment of the capsule to the femur posteriorly

A

F

96
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic ligament that support the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

97
Q

Where does the iliofemoral ligament span & what does it prevent?

A

Spans AIIS & acetabular rim to intertrochanteric line
Prevents hyperextension of hip by screwing the femoral head into the acetabulum

98
Q

Where does the pubofemoral ligament span & what does it prevent?

A
  • Spans from obturator crest (of pubic bone) to blending with capsule & iliofemoral ligament
  • Prevents hyperabduction but also tightness during extension
99
Q

Where does the ischiofemoral ligament span and what does it limit?

A

Posterior, Spans from ischial part of acetabular rim to neck of femur, medial to greater trochanter
- Not as strong as other but limits hyperextension

100
Q

Of the intrinsic ligaments of the hip joint, which is the weakest?

A

Ischiofemoral ligament

101
Q

What is the main blood supply of the hip?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

102
Q

What does the medial circumflex femoral artery arise from and where?

A

Arises from deep femoral artery near the neck of the femur

103
Q

Where do penerating branches of the deep femoral artery pierce the capusle?

A

Posterior side

104
Q

If the medial circumflex artery was damaged would the femoral head be able to get enough blood?

A

No because the artery to the femoral head is not significant enough to sustain it

105
Q

Where does the artery to the femoral head arise from?

A

Obturator artery

106
Q

What is the similarities of the superficial gluteal muscles?

A
  • Proximal attachment to Ala & margins of the ilium
  • Mainly extend, abduct & medially rotate
107
Q

What is the similarities of the deep gluteal muscles?>

A
  • Smaller
    -Distal attachments on or near the intertrochanteric crest of femur
  • Laterally rotate & stabilize hip joint by steading femoral head in acetabulum
108
Q

What is the most superficial gluteal muscle and what is the attachments?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Attached posterior to posterior gluteal line on ilium & along sacrum, coccyx, & sacrotuberous ligament
  • Most fibers insert into ITB, some directly onto gluteal tuberosity
109
Q

When is the gluteus maximus most active?

A

Extending thigh from flexed position

110
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus?

A

Extending thigh from flexed position
Laterally rotate
Steady thigh going from sitting to standing

111
Q

True or false: Glutues maximus is active when standing upright

A

False

112
Q

What are the shared attachments and actions of gluteus maximus & minimus?

A
  • Posterior ilium, greater trochanter
  • Abduct & medially rotate thigh
  • Keep Pelvis level when the contralateral limb is in swing phase
113
Q

True or False: Tensor Fascia lata functions as medius & minimus do

A

True

114
Q

What are the attachments of the tensor of fascia lata?

A

Prox: ASIS & anterior iliac crest
Distal: Gerry’s tubercle

115
Q

All smaller gluteal muscles can abduct the flexed thigh except?

A

Quadratus femoris

116
Q

What is the roll of the smaller muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh
Steady femoral head in acetabulum

117
Q

What nerves supply the skin of the butt?

A

Clunial nerves

118
Q

True or False: Superior & middle clonal nerves are anterior rami coming from upper lumbar & sacral levels

A

False- Posterior Rami

119
Q

Where do the deep gluteal nerves arise from?

A

Sacral plexus (L4-S3)

120
Q

What do all the deep gluteal nerves pass through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

121
Q

All the deep gluteal nerves pass through the greater sciatic foramen and emerge inferior to piriformis muscle except?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

122
Q

Where doe the superior gluteal nerve emerge from to innervate what?

A
  • Above piriformis
  • Innervate gluteus medius, gluteus minimus & tensor of fascia lata
123
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus maximus

124
Q

What does the nerve to quadratus femoris innervate?

A

inferior gemellus & quadratus femoris

125
Q

What does posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate?

A

Large area of skin including:
- inferior half of butt
- Posterior thigh
- Popliteal fossa
- Lateral perineum
- Upper medial thigh

126
Q

What nerve does the posterior cutaneous nerve give off?

A

Inferior clonal nerve

127
Q

What does the pudenal nerve innervate in the gluteal region & posterior thigh?

A

Nothing

128
Q

Where does the pudenal nerve go and how does it get there?

A

Most medial nerve that dives back into the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen

129
Q

What does the nerve to obturator internus innervate in gluteal region?

A

Superior gemellus & obturator internus

130
Q

The nerve to obturator internus ends up where and how does it get there?

A

Pelvis through inferior sciatic foramen

131
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac artery

132
Q

Where doe the external iliac artery course?

A

Stay anterior, pass through femoral canal to supply lower extremity structures

133
Q

What arteries of the gluteal region emerge through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery

134
Q

The superior gluteal emerges (blank) to piriformis whereas inferior gluteal artery emerges (blank) to piriformis?

A

Superior
Inferior

135
Q

What is the name of the artery that gives off the artery to the sciatic nerve?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

136
Q

What does the inferior gluteal artery supply?

A

Glut max
obturator internus
quadratus femoris
superior part of hamstring

137
Q

What two arteries often participate with anastomoses around the hip?

A

Superior & inferior gluteal arteries

138
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery course with and where does it go & what does it supply?

A

Pudenal nerve
Goes back into pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen
Supply perineal skin, external genitalia & perineal muscles

139
Q

Deep artery of thigh gives off branches to posterior thigh called? What do they penetrate?

A

Perforating branch
Aponeurotic aspect of adductor Magnus

140
Q

What criteria must a muscle meet to be considered a true hamstring?

A
  • Prox attachment to ischial tuberosity
  • Span & act on 2 joints: (extend thigh & flex leg)
  • Innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve
141
Q

Does short head of bicep femoris meet any criteria to be a hamstring?

A

No

142
Q

Where doe the sciatic nerve typically emerge?

A

From pelvis inferior to piriformis muscle through the greater sciatic foramen

143
Q

Within sciatic nerve large sheath it is really 2 separate nerves named what?

A

Tibial nerve & common fibular nerve

144
Q

Does the sciatic nerve innervate anything in the gluteal region?

A

No

145
Q

Of the posterior thigh what does the tibial part innervate?

A

Hamstrings & hamstring part of adductor magnus

146
Q

Of the posterior thigh what does the common fibular part innervate?

A

SHort head of biceps femoris

147
Q

Everything inferior to the knee is innervated by branches of the sciatic nerve except for one exception which is?

A

Saphenous nerve

148
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the thorax?

A

Mediastinum: central compartment, housing all thoracic contents except lungs
Paired Lateral pulmonary cavities: Occupied by lungs

149
Q

What bones make up the thoracic cage?

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs & associated costal cartilages
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae & intervening IVD
  • Sternum
150
Q

What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?

A

Protective of thoracic & abdominal contents

151
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

manbrium
body
xiphoid process

152
Q

What is the name of the junction between the manubrium & body?

A

Manubiostenal joint or sternal angle

153
Q

Articulation of what 3 bones make up the xiphisternal joint?

A

7th rib attaching at junction of body & xipohiod process

154
Q

What represents the inferior limit of the thoracic cavity?

A

Xiphoid process

155
Q

The facets on the head of ribs articulate with vertebrae of same numerical level & one superior except?

A

1st rib articulates with T1 & ribs 10-12 with their respective vertebrae

156
Q

Which ribs attach to the sternum directly via their costal cartilages?

A

True ribs 1-7

157
Q

False ribs articulate to what via their costal cartilages?

A

Next superior rib

158
Q

Where do floating ribs end?

A

Abdominal musculature

159
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10

160
Q

which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

161
Q

What are costal grooves?

A

Concavities on the inferior, internal borders of ribs for intercostal nerves & vessels

162
Q

Where are intercostal spaces present and what are they named for?

A

B/w each successive rib & named for superior rib

163
Q

What is the costovertebral joints?

A

b/w head of ribs & vertebral bodies

164
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

b/w tubercle of ribs & transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

165
Q

What is the costochondral joint?

A

b/w ribs & costal cartilage

166
Q

What is the sternocostal joint?

A

b/w costal cartilage & sternum

167
Q

What joints of thorax are synchondroses?

A

All costochondral joint
1st rib/manubrium (1st sternocostal joint)
Xiphisternal joint

168
Q

Where do symphyses occur in the thorax?

A

Posteriorly b/w thoracic vertebral bodies
Anteriorly at manubriosternal joint

169
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Posteriorly: Vertebrae T1
Laterally: 1st rib & their costal cartilage
Anteriorly: Superior border of manubrium

170
Q

What structures pass through superior thoracic aperture?

A

Trachea, esophagus, nerves & vessels that supply/drain the head, neck & upper extremity

171
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Posteriorly: T12 vertebrae
Posterolaterlly: 11th & 12th pairs of ribs
Anterolaterally: costal margins, made up of costal cartilages 7-10
Anteriorly: Xiphisternal joint

172
Q

What covers the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

diaphragm

173
Q

What abdominal viscera lay superior to the plane of the inferior thoracic apenture?

A

liver, stomach, spleen

174
Q

How do the external intercostal run?

A

Inferoanteriorly b/w successive ribs b/w tubercles & costochondral junctions

175
Q

When are the eternal intercostal most active?

A

Inspiration, maintaining the tone of muscles & elevating the ribs during forced inspiration

176
Q

What are the external intercostal continuous with?

A

External oblique muscles

177
Q

How do the internal intercostals run and what are they continuous with?

A

Inferoposteriorly
Continuous with internal oblique muscles

178
Q

When are internal intercostal most active?

A

Expiration

179
Q

What do intercostal nerves & vessels travel between?

A

Internal intercostals & innermost intercostals

180
Q

Where do the transverse thoracic muscles run and what is their action?

A
  • 4-5 slips of muscle deep on anterior wall from diploid process & body of sternum running to costal cartilages
  • Help w/ inspiration & proprioceptive role
181
Q

What is transverse thoracic muscles continuous with?

A

Transverse abdominis layer inferiorly

182
Q

Where do the subcostal muscles run & what is their action?

A
  • Span 2-3 ribs oriented inferoposteriorly
    -Depress ribs
183
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

184
Q

What are the 3 hiatus in the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava, aorta & espousal

185
Q

Where do internal thoracic arteries & vein run?

A

internal anterior thoracic wall, running on either side of the sternum

186
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery divide into?

A

Musculophrenic & superior epigastric

187
Q

What artery supplies the first 6 intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

188
Q

What artery supply intercostal spaces 7-9 & the diaphragm?

A

Musculophrenic

189
Q

What artery supplies anterior abdominal wall supplying muscles?

A

Superior epigastric

190
Q

What does the pulmonary cavities contain?

A

Lungs & pleura

191
Q

What separates the pulmonary cavities and what does it contain?

A

Mediastinum & all other thoracic structures

192
Q

What lines the entire thoracic wall?

A

Endothoracic fascia

193
Q

What does the end-thoracic fascia cover?

A

Apices of lungs superior to 1st rib

194
Q

How many lobes the right lung have?

A

3

195
Q

What is the pleural sleeve?

A

Reflection of pleura where all tubular structures enter/exit the lung

196
Q

What compromises the root?

A

Actual structures passing into & out of the lung at the hilum

197
Q

What are the strucutres of the root of the lung?

A

Bronchus, pulmonary artery, Superior & inferior pulmonary veins

198
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

Double layer pleural structure continuons with sleeve but inferior to root

199
Q

What is the lingula?

A

Inferior, anterior projection of the superior lobe that tucks around the apex of the heart

200
Q

What is found on the left lung in regards to impression?

A

Cardiac notch
Cardiac impression
Grooves for aortic arch & descending aorta

201
Q

Where does the trachea begin, terminate & into what?

A

Begin: inferior to cricoid cartilage
Terminate: Level of sternal angle into right & left main bronchi

202
Q

Where does the trachea ascend & enter?

A

Anterior to esophagus entering superior mediastinum

203
Q

What is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

Horizontal plane running from sternal angle anteriorly to T4-T5 IV disc

204
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum subdivided into?

A

Anterior, middle & posterior compartments

205
Q

What makes up the mediastinum?

A

Pericardium & contents
Contents:
- Pericardial sac
- Heart
- Cardiac nerve plexus
- Roots of great vessels (Ascending aorta, SVC/IVC & pulmonary trunk

206
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium? And what do they blend into?

A

External fibrous Pericardium –> tunica adventitia of great vessels superiorly & central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly

Parietal layer–> become visceral layer of serous pericardium

207
Q

What innervated the pericardium?

A

Cardiac nerve plexus
-Autonomic fibers from vagus nerve
- Sympathetic nerves

208
Q

What supplies general sense to pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

209
Q

What supplies blood to pericardium?

A

Pericardiophrenic artery

210
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium (some right)

211
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

inferolateral part of left ventricle

212
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of the heart?

A

Anterior (Sternocostal)–> right ventricle
Diaphragmatic –> left ventricle
Right Pulmonary –> right atrium
Left pulmonary –> left ventricle

213
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

Right–> right atrium
Inferior –> main right ventricle
Left Border –> left ventricle (little bit of left auricle)
Superior –> right & left atria & auricles

214
Q

What are the component of the abdominal wall?

A

-Musculoaponeurotic walls
- Diaphragm
- Pelvic floor muscles
- Lumbar section of vertebral

215
Q

What bounds the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Superiorly: Cartilages of 7th-10th ribs & diploid process
Inferiorly: Inguinal ligament & superior margins of anterolateral aspect of pelvic girdle

216
Q

What does the linea semilunaris represent?

A

lateral limit of rectus sheath

217
Q

What are the component of rectus sheath?

A

External abdominal oblique & aponeurosis + Internal abdominal oblique & aponeurosis + Transverse abdominal & aponeurosis

218
Q

What does the abdominal aorta branch into that supplies the abdominal wall?

A

Posterior intercostal artery

219
Q

What does the external iliac/femoral artery branch into that supplies the abdominal wall?

A

superficial epigastric, circumflex iliac & inferior epigastric

220
Q

What is the inguinal canal formed to permit ?

A

Descent of testes

221
Q

What are the lateral & medial crura ?

A

Parts of external oblique aponeurosis which surround superficial inguinal ring

222
Q

What is the inguinal falx (conjoint tendon)?

A

Medial reinforcement of posterior wall of inguinal canal formed by fused aponeuroses of internal oblique & transverse abdomens

223
Q

What are lateral umbilical folds?

A

Inferior epigastric a. & v

224
Q

What are the meidal umbilical folds>

A

obliterated umbilical arteries

225
Q

What is the medial umbilical fold (single) ?

A

obliterated urachus

226
Q

What are the boudaries of the inguinal triangle?

A

Medially: rectus abdominis
Inferiorly: Inguinal ligament & inferior epigastric artery & vein

227
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring in?

A

Transverse abdominal muscle lateral to vessels

228
Q

What structures does the iliohypogastric innervate?

A
  • Skin over iliac crest
  • Upper inguinal & hypogastric regions
  • Superolateral quadrant of buttock
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominal muscles
229
Q

What does the ilioinguinal innervate?

A
  • Skin of lower inguinal region
  • Mons pubis/labia majora
  • Adjacent medial thigh
    Inferiormost internal oblique & transverse abdominal muscles
230
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve pierce & split into?

A

Psoas major
Femoral & genital branch

231
Q

What type of innervation does the parietal part of the peritoneum receive?

A

Somatic

Clinical Anatomy Lab (7 decks)

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