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Honors Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

data

A

facts of information collected through observation and/or experimentation

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2
Q

experimental variable

A

the factor of the experiment being tested

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3
Q

responding variable

A

the result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is utilized

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4
Q

control group

A

the experiment that contains both test groups

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5
Q

scientific method

A

the process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data by observation and experimentation, and come to a conclusion

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6
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. make an observation
  2. ask a question
  3. research the problem
  4. develop a hypothesis
  5. experiment (test the prediction)
  6. communicate your results (the data)
  7. conclusion
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7
Q

hypothesis

A

a supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence; can be tested by obtaining more data–often by experimentation

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8
Q

How is the hypothesis tested?

A

through controlled experiments

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9
Q

What is the difference between hypotheses, theories, and laws?

A

hypotheses: informed statements that can be tested
theories: ultimate goals of science to understand the natural world
laws: universal principles that describe the basic functions of the natural world

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  1. made of cells
  2. able to reproduce
  3. based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
  4. able to grow and develop
  5. use materials and energy (metabolism)
  6. respond to stimuli
  7. maintain homeostasis
  8. able to evolve
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11
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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12
Q

atoms

A

the smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element

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13
Q

molecules

A

union of two or more atoms of the same element

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14
Q

organic substances

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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15
Q

carbohydrate

A

a class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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16
Q

lipid

A

a class of of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in no polar solvents and includes fats and oils

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17
Q

protein

A

a chain of amino acids

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18
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of water?

A
  1. universal solvent: dissolves all polar substances
  2. forms hydrogen bonds: adhesive, cohesive, high specific heat
  3. expands when frozen: becomes less dense, allows ice to float on water
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20
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

cohesion and adhesion

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21
Q

cohesion

A

the ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to the process of hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

adhesion

A

the ability of water molecules to cling to or be attracted to a surface–such as a transport vessel in a plant or animal

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23
Q

polarity

A

the separation of charges

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24
Q

What is polarity’s effect on properties?

A

surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points

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25
Q

acid

A

molecules that tend to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lowers its pH numerically

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26
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A

high concentration of H3, sour taste, corrosive, pH below 7

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27
Q

base

A

a substance that dissociates in a glutenous solution to release hydrogen ions

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28
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A

high concentration of pH, bitter taste, slippery to touch, pH above 7

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29
Q

pH

A

number of hydrogen ions–above 7 is basic, below 7 is acidic

30
Q

What is the pentagon in ATP?

A

the 5-carbon ribose

31
Q

Where does the energy come from ATP?

A

the breaking of the 3rd phosphate

32
Q

chemical reaction equations

A

the process that changes one set of chemicals into another:

A + B - B2H2 + O2 - 2H2O

33
Q

What does activation energy mean in chemical reactions?

A

the energy required to start a reaction

34
Q

catalyst

A

helps the reaction go; not part of the reaction and not consumed in the reaction

35
Q

prokaryotes

A

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus; contains domains Archaea and Eubacteria

36
Q

What is the eukaryotic cell structure?

A

organisms that have a nucleus and are surrounded by membranes; contains animals, plants, fungi, and protists

37
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells: have a membrane-bound nucleus

prokaryotic cells: do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

38
Q

What is the animal cell structure?

A

enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

39
Q

What is the plant cell structure?

A

has a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids (chloroplasts)

40
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

A

plant cells: have a cell wall and chloroplasts

animal cells: do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts

41
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration gradient; once the equilibrium is reached then they are distributed equally

42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the passive transport of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient

43
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to concentration differences

44
Q

active transport

A

the use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a lower concentration to a higher concentration; requires energy

45
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; the energy required for active transport

46
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups

47
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

in the bonds between the phosphates

48
Q

autotrophs

A

use light energy and in organic substances to make food (glucose) from which to extract energy

49
Q

heterotrophs

A

take in organic substances from which to extract energy

50
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food

51
Q

What are the structures involved in photosynthesis?

A

chloroplasts, thylakoids, and chlorophyll

52
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

A

the light-dependent reactions, the light-independent reactions, the Calvin Cycle

53
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

54
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen and glucose

55
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

A

the thylakoid membrane–only occurs when light is present

56
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions (the Calvin Cycle) occur?

A

the stroma

57
Q

What are the products of light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

58
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules

59
Q

respiration

A

a sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the cells of the body and the environments

60
Q

What are the structures involved in respiration?

A

nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), airways (bronchi), lungs

61
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

62
Q

What are the reactants for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2: glucose + oxygen

63
Q

What are the products for respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and water

64
Q

What are the stages of respiration?

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

65
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

66
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

the mitochondria matrix

67
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

68
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

69
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NAPH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2

70
Q

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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