Midterm

Question 1

data

Answer 1

facts of information collected through observation and/or experimentation

Question 2

experimental variable

Answer 2

the factor of the experiment being tested

Question 3

responding variable

Answer 3

the result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is utilized

Question 4

control group

Answer 4

the experiment that contains both test groups

Question 5

scientific method

Answer 5

the process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data by observation and experimentation, and come to a conclusion

Question 6

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 6

1. make an observation
2. ask a question
3. research the problem
4. develop a hypothesis
5. experiment (test the prediction)
6. communicate your results (the data)
7. conclusion

Question 7

hypothesis

Answer 7

a supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence; can be tested by obtaining more data–often by experimentation

Question 8

How is the hypothesis tested?

Answer 8

through controlled experiments

Question 9

What is the difference between hypotheses, theories, and laws?

Answer 9

hypotheses: informed statements that can be tested
theories: ultimate goals of science to understand the natural world
laws: universal principles that describe the basic functions of the natural world

Question 10

What are the characteristics of living things?

Answer 10

1. made of cells
2. able to reproduce
3. based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
4. able to grow and develop
5. use materials and energy (metabolism)
6. respond to stimuli
7. maintain homeostasis
8. able to evolve

Question 11

subatomic particles

Answer 11

protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 12

atoms

Answer 12

the smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element

Question 13

molecules

Answer 13

union of two or more atoms of the same element

Question 14

organic substances

Answer 14

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 15

carbohydrate

Answer 15

a class of organic compounds that typically contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 16

lipid

Answer 16

a class of of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in no polar solvents and includes fats and oils

Question 17

protein

Answer 17

a chain of amino acids

Question 18

nucleic acids

Answer 18

DNA and RNA

Question 19

What are the characteristics of water?

Answer 19

1. universal solvent: dissolves all polar substances
2. forms hydrogen bonds: adhesive, cohesive, high specific heat
3. expands when frozen: becomes less dense, allows ice to float on water

Question 20

What are the properties of water?

Answer 20

cohesion and adhesion

Question 21

cohesion

Answer 21

the ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to the process of hydrogen bonds

Question 22

adhesion

Answer 22

the ability of water molecules to cling to or be attracted to a surface–such as a transport vessel in a plant or animal

Question 23

polarity

Answer 23

the separation of charges

Question 24

What is polarity’s effect on properties?

Answer 24

surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points

Question 25

acid

Answer 25

molecules that tend to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lowers its pH numerically

Question 26

What are the properties of acids?

Answer 26

high concentration of H3, sour taste, corrosive, pH below 7

Question 27

base

Answer 27

a substance that dissociates in a glutenous solution to release hydrogen ions

Question 28

What are the properties of bases?

Answer 28

high concentration of pH, bitter taste, slippery to touch, pH above 7

Question 29

pH

Answer 29

number of hydrogen ions--above 7 is basic, below 7 is acidic

Question 30

What is the pentagon in ATP?

Answer 30

the 5-carbon ribose

Question 31

Where does the energy come from ATP?

Answer 31

the breaking of the 3rd phosphate

Question 32

chemical reaction equations

Answer 32

the process that changes one set of chemicals into another: | A + B - B2H2 + O2 - 2H2O

Question 33

What does activation energy mean in chemical reactions?

Answer 33

the energy required to start a reaction

Question 34

catalyst

Answer 34

helps the reaction go; not part of the reaction and not consumed in the reaction

Question 35

prokaryotes

Answer 35

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus; contains domains Archaea and Eubacteria

Question 36

What is the eukaryotic cell structure?

Answer 36

organisms that have a nucleus and are surrounded by membranes; contains animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Question 37

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 37

eukaryotic cells: have a membrane-bound nucleus prokaryotic cells: do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 38

What is the animal cell structure?

Answer 38

enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 39

What is the plant cell structure?

Answer 39

has a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids (chloroplasts)

Question 40

What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

Answer 40

plant cells: have a cell wall and chloroplasts animal cells: do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts

Question 41

diffusion

Answer 41

the movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration gradient; once the equilibrium is reached then they are distributed equally

Question 42

facilitated diffusion

Answer 42

the passive transport of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient

Question 43

osmosis

Answer 43

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to concentration differences

Question 44

active transport

Answer 44

the use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a lower concentration to a higher concentration; requires energy

Question 45

ATP

Answer 45

adenosine triphosphate; the energy required for active transport

Question 46

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 46

adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups

Question 47

Where is energy stored in ATP?

Answer 47

in the bonds between the phosphates

Question 48

autotrophs

Answer 48

use light energy and in organic substances to make food (glucose) from which to extract energy

Question 49

heterotrophs

Answer 49

take in organic substances from which to extract energy

Question 50

photosynthesis

Answer 50

the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food

Question 51

What are the structures involved in photosynthesis?

Answer 51

chloroplasts, thylakoids, and chlorophyll

Question 52

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 52

the light-dependent reactions, the light-independent reactions, the Calvin Cycle

Question 53

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 53

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 54

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Answer 54

oxygen and glucose

Question 55

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Answer 55

the thylakoid membrane--only occurs when light is present

Question 56

Where do light-dependent reactions (the Calvin Cycle) occur?

Answer 56

the stroma

Question 57

What are the products of light-dependent reactions?

Answer 57

ATP and NADPH

Question 58

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

Answer 58

6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules

Question 59

respiration

Answer 59

a sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the cells of the body and the environments

Question 60

What are the structures involved in respiration?

Answer 60

nose, mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), airways (bronchi), lungs

Question 61

What is the equation for respiration?

Answer 61

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 62

What are the reactants for respiration?

Answer 62

C6H12O6 + 6O2: glucose + oxygen

Question 63

What are the products for respiration?

Answer 63

carbon dioxide and water

Question 64

What are the stages of respiration?

Answer 64

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 65

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 65

the cytoplasm

Question 66

Where does the Kreb's cycle occur?

Answer 66

the mitochondria matrix

Question 67

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 67

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 68

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 68

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Question 69

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 69

2 ATP, 6 NAPH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2

Question 70

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

Answer 70

NADH and FADH2