Midterm Flashcards
Is the smallest functional unit in the breast parenchyma
Acini
___ joint has the largest range of motion of 360 degrees
Shoudler
_____ is considered skeletal framework in the breast
Coopers ligaments
The most common congenital anomaly is
Complete absence of nipple
Polythelia
Athelia
The transverse abdomens muscle location is
Directly posterior to the internal and external oblique muscles
A retroareolar mass developing shortly after childbirth is most suspicious for
Galatocele
When the US beam is not perpendicular with a fibirular tendon the artifact most likely to occur is ____
Anistrophy
When imaging the breast parenchyma the thickness of the standoff pad should not exceed
1.0 cm
A begin breast neoplasm that may undergo malignant transformation is
Cystosarcoma phollides
Complete absence of one of both breast is
Amastia
Abnormal enlargement of the male breast parenchyma is most likely a clinical finding of ____
Gynecomastia
The normal alpha angle when evaluating for developmental displacement of the hip in a 1 month old infant is commonly describes as
60 degrees or greater and a beta angle less than 50 degrees
The echogencity of a fatty breast lobule is most commonly describes as
Smooth, moderately hypoechoic mass
Breast pathology most commonly originates in the
Terminal duct lobular units TDLU
The deep layer of the superficial fascia is located within the
Retromammary space
Echogenicity of glandular breast tissue when compared to a fatty breast lobule is best described as _________________
Moderately hyperechoic
The diameter of a normal lactiferous duct should not exceed
3.0mm
Painful breasts 1 week before the onset of menstruation is a common symptom of
Fibrocystic disease
A common malignancy of the breast demonstrating posterior acoustic shadowing describes
Invasive ductal carcinoma
A defect in the muscles of the abdominal wall is most likely related to a
Hernia
The Thompson test is used to check the integrity of the
Achilles tendon
The most common beginning Breast lesion in women between the ages of 35-50 is a
Simple cyst
Estrogen levels most frequently influence as
Fibroadenoma
Muscles attach to bone by which ___
Tendons
____ provides support and shape to the breasts
Coopers ligaments
An febrile older patient is hospitalized with pneumonia presents with a palpable abdominal wall mass. A mass is indetified adjacent to the urinary bladder. This finding is most suspicious for
Rectus sheath hematoma
27) An older patient presents with a history of acute ankle swelling. A sonogram is ordered to r/o DVT. A nonvascular anechoic structure is identified in the pop. Fossa. Based on findings, anechoic structure is suspicious for
Synovial cyst aka bakers. cyst
A 45 y/o woman presents with a firm, nontender, palpable breast mass. Finding is consistent with _________________ -
Simple cyst
29) A patient presents to the u.s dept w/a palpable mass. The finding on sonogram is consistent with
Hernia
A 25y/o woman presents with a firm, nontender, palpable breast mass. An antiradial image of the right breast demonstrates a hypoechoic mass. On the basis of this clinical history, the sono. Finding is most suspicious for a
Fibroadenoma
patient is referred for an u.s to evaluate a mass identified on a recent mammogram. A radial image of the right breast demonstrates an abnormality suspicious for __________ -
Invasive ductal carcinoma
The hyper echoic linear structure identified by the arrow is consistent with
Coopers ligaments
33) A toddler with a recent upper respiratory infection presents with a history of limping. Asymmetric hip joints are identified on u.s on the basis of this clinical history , the sonographic findings is most suspicious for –
Septic hip
34) A patient complains of pain in the forearm following a hiking trip. A soft tissue image over the area of discomfort demonstrates a hyperechoic linear structure outline by calibers. This is most suspicious for
Foreign body
35) A patient presents with an aching over the right achilles tendon. A sag image of the tendon shows _________________.
Normal achilles tendon
the breast parenchyma is composed of
15 to 20 lobes
The thickness of the normal achilles tendon should not exceed
7 mm
38) a 35 y/o woman presents w/a history of a painful lump on her left wrist. Based on this history the sonogram is most suspicious for –
Ganglion cyst
The location of the rectus abdomens muscle is described as lateral to the
Linea alba
the fascial interface of the anterior abdominal wall id located directly anterior to the
peritoneum
The vasalva maneuver is a common technique used when evaluating the
the anterior abdominal wall or lower extremity venous system
A teenager arrives at the er dept following a skiing injury, a nonvascular hypoechoic mass is indetified in the posterior popliteal fossa. This most likely represents a
Hematoma
The sinus of a lactiferous duct is located near the
Areola
44) A mass is identified in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast, near the axilla and chest wall. The mass should be annotated as
(10:00). (3)
`45) A patient presents w/a history of sharp burning pain radiating to the third and fourth toes. Based on this clinical history, the calipers are most likely measuring
Morton neuroma
Measurements of the achilles tendon should be made in the
transverse plane
A complete tear of the achilles tendon is most likely located at the
Distal portion of the tendon 2-6 cm from the calcareous
______ extends on the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall
Rectus abdominis
In the breast the lymph vessel generally courses parallel with the
Venous system
A lipoma located in the anterior abdominal wall most commonly appears on ultrasound as
Iso-hypoechoic
The breast is sonographically divided into three layers. Which one of the following is incorrect? A) skin, nipple, subareolar B) pectoralis major C) subcutaneous region D) parenchyma
Pectoralis major
The functional portion of the breast consists of \_\_\_\_\_ lobes. A) 3 to 5 B) 5 to 10 C) 15 to 20 D) 25 to 30
15 to 20 lobes
Which one of the following form(s) a fibrous "skeleton" that is responsible for maintaining the shape of the breast? A) acini B) Cooper's ligaments C) pectoralis major muscle D) glandular layer of the breast
Coopers ligaments
As a woman ages, the glandular breast tissue is replaced with: A) fat B) cysts C) fibrous tissue D) Cooper's ligaments
Fat
Coopers ligament are best characterized as which of the following?
A) low reflectivity in the retromammary layer
B) high reflective in the retromammary layer
C) echogenic line interface in subcutaneous layer
D) homogenous reflections in the parenchyma
Echogenic line interface in subcutaneous layer
The retromammary layer is sonographically imaged as which one of the following? A) hyperechoic B) dense C) hypoechoic D) high reflectivity
Hypoechoic
The most important signs to look for in determining a cystic lesion of the breast include all of the following except: A) well-defined borders B) good through transmission C) anechoic D) disruption of architecture
Disruption of architecture
Clinical findings of lumpy, painful, tender breasts that vary with monthly cycles represent which one of the following? A) carcinoma B) fibrocystic disease C) cysts D) adenomas
Fibrocystic disease
The characteristic findings of a papilloma of the breast include all of the following except:
A) well-circumscribed solid mass with microcalcifications
B) sonolucent cystic lesions with a medium-level encapsulated component
C) single or multiple
D) no disruption of architecture
No disruption of architecture
The most common solid benign tumor of the breast is which one of the following? A) fibrocystic disease B) fibroadenoma C) papilloma D) lipoma
Fibroadenoma
The most sonographic characteristics of fibroadenoma is which of the following
UNiform, low level
Lymphatic drainage from all parts of the breast generally flows to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ lymph nodes. A) interpectoral B) axillary C) supraclavicular D) internal mammary
Axillary
The most common malignant neoplasms of the breast is which one of the following? A) lobular carcinoma in situ B) invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) C) invasive lobular carcinoma D) ducts carcinoma in situ
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Characteristic findings of breast carcinoma include all of the following except:
A) attenuation of sound
B) irregular margins
C) strong posterior margin
D) inhomogeneous low-level echo pattern with calcifications
Strong posterior margin
Skin dimpling may be caused by which one of the following?
A) old age
B) refraction of tissue secondary to tumor infiltration
C) enlarged ducts
D) thrombosis of arterial vessels
refraction of tissue secondary to tumor infiltration
The most common clinical sign of breast carcinoma is which one the following? A) skin dimpling B) skin discoloration C) palpable lump D) pain
Palpable lump
The primary purpose of breast screening examinations is to:
A) evaluate the retromammary region
B) provide a baseline study for fibrocystic disease
C) provide for early detection of breast carcinoma
D) evaluate dense breast parenchyma
Early detection of breast carcinoma
The midportion of the right medial and left lateral breast would be annotated as which one the following? A) 3:00 B) 6:00 C) 9:00 D) 12:00
3:00
A normal extension of breast tissue into the axillary region is called \_\_\_\_\_\_. A) lobar neoplasm B) tail of Spence C) peau d'orange D) terminal duct am lobular unit
Tail of spence
According to the American Cancer Society, all women should begin annual screening mammography and screening breast ultrasound at the age of \_\_\_\_\_\_ years. A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 50
40 years
Which one of the following arteries is responsible for supply blood to more than one half of the breast? A) intercostal B) thoracodorsal C) internal mammary D) lateral thoracic
Internal mammary
A condition of the male breast in which the ducts elements hypertrophy is called \_\_\_\_\_. A) mastitis B) galactocele C) gynecomastia D) Paget's disease
Gynecomastia
Signs of possible breast cancer include all of the following except:
A) irregular or speculate mammographic mass, solid on ultrasound
B) clustered pleomorphic microcalcifications on mammogram, with or without any abnormality on ultrasound
C) focal distortion on mammogram, and a correlating area of distortion breast ultrasound
D) a smooth low-density mass, solid lesion that has not changed in over 3 years on ultrasound
A smooth low – density mass, solid lesion that has not changed in over 3 years on ultrasound
Ultrasound is often of benefit in guiding breast procedures for all of the following except:
A) cyst aspiration
B) fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
C) drainage procedure
D) large-core needle biopsy of microcalcifications
Large core needle biopsy microcalcifactions
Which one of the following statements is false?
A) breast ultrasound is the imaging tool of choice to evaluate a breast mass in a teenage girl
B) ultrasound of the breast is the primary imaging tool of choice in evaluating a breast mass in a pregnant woman
C) breast ultrasound is the primary imaging tool of choice in screening a 45-year-old woman for any evidence of possible breast cancer
D) in the case of a benign fibroadenoma, the sonographic features of a smooth, sharply circumscribed hypoechoic mass with homogeneous echogenicity and a mild posterior acoustic enhancement will usually be seen
breast US is the primary imaging tool of choice in screening a 45 yr old women for any evidence of possible breast cancer
ultrasound of the breast is often performed as an adjunctive imaging tool in all of the following situations except:
A) to assess a smooth mammographic mass as cystic or solid
B) to further evaluate a palpable breast lump in a patient with very dense breast tissue and a negative mammogram
C) to further evaluate a palpable breast lump in a patient with breast implants
D) to further evaluate an asymptomatic patient with large fatty replaced breasts and a negative mammogram
to further evaluate an aystompatic patient with large fatty replaced breast and a negative mammogram
In the case of a cancerous mammographic mass, the correlating sonographic mass will likely show which one of the following features? A) irregular margin and taller than wide B) anechoic C) irregular margin and wider than tall D) posterior acoustic enhancement
Irregular margin and taller than wide.
In the case of a smooth mammographic that is cystic, the correlating sonographic mass will likely show which one of the following features?
A) irregular margin
B) anechoic and posterior acoustic enhancement
C) taller than wide
D) echogenic and posterior acoustic enhancement
Anechoic and posterior acoustic enhancement
The advantages of breast ultrasound over mammography in evaluating the breast include all of the following except:
A) limited radiation exposure to the patient
B) differentiation of cystic versus solid smooth masses
C) more comfortable examination for the patient
D) better visualization of juxtathoracic
limited radiation exposure to the patient
t
The advantages of breast ultrasound over mammography in evaluating the breast include which one of the following?
A) can better visualize those often-obscure signs of breast cancer such as microcalcifications
B) can better visualize microcystic adenosis with layering milk of calcium and sclerosing adenoids, as well as variants of benign fibrocystic conditions that contain small calcification as the principle mammographic finding that can be easily overlooked on routine mammographic images
C) can better discriminate Cooper’s ligaments within lumen of the small ducts of the terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs)
D) can better evaluate those hard-to-reach places, such as parasternal tissues and axilla, not well seen on mammography
- can better evaluate those hard-to-reach places, such as parasternal tissues and axilla, not well seen on mammography
- Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome typically have a positive ____________ sign.
a. Phalen’s
b. Homen
c. Thompson
d. Murphy
Phalens sign
The tendon responsible for dorsal and plantar flexion of the foot is the _____________ tendon.
a. Biceps
b. Patellar
c. Achilles
d. semimembranosus
Achilles tendon
Which one of the following types of tendinitis causes pain over the lateral wrist or thumb side of the wrist?
a. Tenosynovitis
b. de Quervain tendinitis
c. Synovial tendinitis
d. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Dequervain Tendinitis
- A complete tear of a muscle with a straightforward appearance of a retracted hyperechoic muscle surrounded by a hematoma is known as the _________________ sign.
a. McBurney’s
b. Clapper-in-the-bell
c. gastrocnemius
d. sandwich
Clapper in the bell sign
Which one of the following structures is a bandlike flat tendon connecting muscle to bone?
a. Ligament
b. Aponeurosis
c. Synovial sheath
d. Pinnate
Aponeurosis
Support and strength of a joint result, in part, from which one of the following structures?
a. Muscle
b. Bursa
c. Cartilage
d. Ligament
Ligament
When compared with muscle, a normal nerve is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A.hyperechoic b. Isoechoic c. hypoechoic d. unable to be visualized on ultrasound
A. Hyperechoic
Important artifacts in musculoskeletal ultrasound include all of the following except: A.reverberation B.refractile shadowing C. mirror image D. anisotrophy
Mirror image
The Achilles tendon is at an increased risk for injury because of ________________.
a. its vulnerable location
b. no surrounding muscle
c. its limited blood supply
d. its large size
Limited blood supply
15. Indications for wrist sonography include all of the following except: A.pain and swelling b.Thompson sign C.trauma d.Tinel's sign
Thompson sign
.Acute rotator cuff tear may be caused by all of the following except:
a. years of playing tennis.
b. biceps tendon rupture.
c. falls.
d. shoulder dislocation.
Years of playing tennis
The proximal portion of the muscle is considered the ______________.
a. Insertion
b. Anastomosis
c. origin
d. bifurcation
Origin
A hypoechoic halo around a tendon represents which one of the following?
a. Partial tear
b. Tendonitis
c. Normal synovial sheath
d. Abnormal synovial sheath
Normal synovial sheath
Tendinitis is seen more often in the shoulder, wrist, and _____________.
a. Elbow
b. Knee
c. hip
d. Fingers
Elbow
The easiest tendon to image in the adult shoulder is the __________________.
a. Supraspinatus
b. Biceps
c. infraspinatus
d. Subscapularis
Bicep
The most common site of an Achilles tendon tear is __________________.
a. Proximal
b. Medial
c. lateral
d. distal
Distal
The largest tendon of the body is the ___________________.
a. Biceps
b. Achilles
c. supraspinatus
d. trapezius
The achilles
- Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome typically have a positive ____________ sign.
a. Phalen’s
b. Homen
c. Thompson
d. Murphy
Phalens sign
Sonographic appearance of the normal muscle appears _________________.
a. Hyperechoic
b. Complex
c. homogeneous
d. Heterogeneous
Homogenous
- The posterior glenoid labrum is a good landmark to help locate which one of the following structures?
a. Biceps tendon
b. Infraspinatus tendon
c. Supraspinatus tendon
d. Deltoid muscle
Infraspinatus
The crass position is used to evaluate which one of the following structures?
a. Knee
b. Wrist
c. Ankle
d. Shoulder
Shoulder
. A Baker’s cyst is an example of:
a. communicating bursa.
b. communicating tendon.
c. fatty pockets.
d. joint effusion.
A
Which one of the following imaging artifacts bends the sound beam to an oblique path?
a. Reverberation
b. Anisotropy
c. Refractile shadowing
d. Time of flight
C
Infringement of the median nerve in the wrist results in:
a. Arthritis.
b. Bursitis.
c. impingement syndrome.
d. carpal tunnel syndrome.
D
- A bursa provides which one of the following functions?
a. Fluid protection to areas that are subject to friction
b. Support to muscles
c. Support to tendons
d. Nerve bundles to the ligaments
A
