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Principles Of Wildlife Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was appointed as the 1st chair of the “Commission for the Conservation of Natural Resources”?

A

Teddy Roosevelt

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2
Q

What is the current estimates rate of extinction for birds and mammals?

A

0.50 species per year

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3
Q

Electrofishing

A

Technique used to collect fish or immobilize them for measurement

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4
Q

Banding

A

Technique used to capture migrating birds for banding, recording species, sex and size measurements

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5
Q

The beaver, Castor canadenis

A

Fur trade; used in the making of hats

- Harvested by First Nations and traded for beads

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6
Q

What animal is most associated with market hunting?

A

Waterfowl

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7
Q

Factors contributing to the extermination of the great bison heard

A
  1. Human settlement in bison territory
  2. Harvest of natural resources
  3. Absence of protective measures by the government
  4. Bison indifference to man
  5. Hunting
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8
Q

Why did the passenger pigeon go extinct?

A

Killed for food

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9
Q

Who is the Grandfather of the Conservation Movement?

A

Teddy Roosevelt

- Established the first federal bird sanctuary (Pelican Island 6 Ha); home to egrets

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10
Q

Who coined the term “Conservation”?

A

Gifford Pinchot

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11
Q

What are the three components of wildlife and fisheries?

A
  1. Biota
  2. Habitat
  3. Human users
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12
Q

Factors affecting population levels

A
  1. Unregulated harvest
  2. Introduced predators/competitors
  3. Habitat modification and loss
  4. Increase of human population
  5. Pollution
  6. Natural disasters
  7. Climate change
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13
Q

Examples of abiotic components

A

Rocks
Water
Wind

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14
Q

Examples of biotic components

A

Trees

Animals

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15
Q

What are the 4 habitat components needed to sustain a wildlife species?

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Cover
  4. Space
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16
Q

Direct users of the environment

A

Humans who contribute to or use a wildlife system

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17
Q

Indirect users of the environment

A

Use or manage the habitat for other purposes

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18
Q

Nuisance wildlife

A
  • Utilize food sources or structures that are not intended for wildlife
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19
Q

Extirpated

A

No longer existing in the wild in Canada

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20
Q

Native species

A

Inhabited a given area; naturally occurring at the time of early explorers

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21
Q

Endemic species

A

Ecologically unique to an area; not found anywhere else (referring to a given zone or habitat)

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22
Q

Non-native species

A

Not naturally occurring in a given place or zone

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23
Q

Naturalized species

A

Non-native or introduced species that now occurs commonly (e.g. dandelion)

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24
Q

Invasive species

A

Native or non-native; widespread exotic species that colonize an area with adverse effects on environment (e.g. crab)

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25
Q

Ecosystem

A

Basic unit consisting of biotic and abiotic components interacting in a particular area

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26
Q

Community

A

The living component of the ecosystem

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27
Q

Biosphere

A

Region surrounding the earth which supports life

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28
Q

Biome

A

Large regions classified by the dominant vegetation type (deserts, tundras)

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29
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a defined area during a specific interval of time

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30
Q

Meta-population

A

Natural and artificial units of an isolated portion of a larger population
Example: wetland split by a highway

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31
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a particular community

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32
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative abundance of individuals among species present in a specific area

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33
Q

Species diversity

A

A measure combining richness and evenness

Diversity increases when #species increases and #individuals of each species are more evenly distributed

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34
Q

Herbivores

A

Plant eaters

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35
Q

Carnivores

A

Meat eaters

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36
Q

Omnivores

A

Plant and meat eaters

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37
Q

Piscivores

A

Carnivore; fish eaters

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38
Q

Detrivores

A

Species that eat dead material

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39
Q

Microbivores

A

Species that eat microbes

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40
Q

How much energy is converted between most links in the food chain?

A

10%

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41
Q

Top down control

A

Occurs when higher trophic levels effect the size of lower levels

Example: high wolf and bear numbers impact caribou populations

42
Q

Bottom up control

A

When lower trophic levels effect higher ones

43
Q

Succession

A

Change in community structure over time

Primary: begins in lifeless areas (e.g. sand dunes)
Secondary: occurs in an area where a previous community was removed

44
Q

Sere

A

Stages of succession from early to late

Example: Acadian forest

45
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Aquatic succession; low in nutrient and productivity

46
Q

Mesotrophic

A

Aquatic succession; mid range

47
Q

Eutrophic

A

Aquatic succession; High in nutrients and productivity

48
Q

What type of communities exhibit unstable characteristics?

A

Simple communities with low diversity

49
Q

What type of communities remain stable under normal conditions?

A

Complex (high diversity)

50
Q

Niche

A

The functional role of an organism considered in the environment in which it lives
- it’s occupation

51
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The total range of environmental conditions under which a species can survive when there is no competition from other species

52
Q

Realized niche

A

Involves some competition from other species

53
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between or among different species

54
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Within a species

55
Q

Barn Owls (Tyto alba)

A 
Interference competition (fighting for scarce resources) 
- initiate incubation as soon as first egg is laid
56
Q

Elk (Cervus canadenis)

A

Overcrowding; tend to have lower survival and birth rates

- may be a delay in entry into the breeding population

57
Q

Coyote (Canis latrans)

A

Reproductive rates are indirectly related to population density
-implications for population management techniques

58
Q

Gause’s principle

A

Competitive exclusion; no two species can simultaneously and completely occupy the same niche for an indefinite period of time

59
Q

Specialists

A

Species with very specific requirements and little room for dealing with changes or colonizing different habitat

60
Q

Generalists

A

Species that deal with a broad range of environmental conditions

61
Q

Population characteristics

A
  1. Size/density: number of individuals per unit area
  2. Age: the distribution of numbers of individuals of various ages
  3. Sex ratios
62
Q

What are the 3 dynamic rate functions that affect populations?

A
  1. Natality or recruitment
  2. Growth
  3. Mortality
63
Q

Natality

A

Birth rate

64
Q

Recruitment

A

Number of surviving offspring that reach reproductive age

65
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of eggs produced per female

66
Q

Fertility

A

Percentage of eggs that are fertile

67
Q

Production

A

Number of offspring produced by a population during a specific time period

68
Q

Natality characteristics

A
  • age of sexual maturity
  • length of gestation period
  • sex ratios
  • monogamous or polygamous
69
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Factor affects the population depending on the density

Examples: competition, disease, crowding

70
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Factor affects the population independent of density

Examples: climate, toxins, condition of environment

71
Q

Inversity

A

The inverse relationship of Natality in a population to adult population density

72
Q

Stock

A

A group of organisms with common ancestry or parentage that is adapted to a particular environment (fisheries)

73
Q

Determinate growth

A

Most birds and mammals

74
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Fish

- often density dependent

75
Q

Natural mortality

A

Mortality caused by predation, starvation, disease, accidents

76
Q

Harvest mortality

A

Mortality resulting from human activities directed at taking organisms

77
Q

Compensatory mortality

A

An increase in one form of mortality that compensates for an increase or decrease in another form of mortality

Example: increased mortality from predation results in decrease mortality from disease

78
Q

Additive mortality

A

Mortality that exceeds the total mortality rate that would have been expected

79
Q

Formula for calculating crude animal mortality from hunting and fishing

A

a= m + n - mn

  • a= crude mortality rate
  • m= mortality rate from fishing/hunting
  • n= natural mortality rate
80
Q

Formula for determining population growth rates

A

r= b-d

  • r= actual growth rate
  • b= birth rate
  • d= death rate

When immigration and emigration are present:
r= (b-d)+(i-e)

  • i= immigration rate
  • b= emigration rate
81
Q

Primary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio at fertilization, normally 50:50

82
Q

Secondary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio at birth; usually 50:50 but sex specific mortality

E.g. nutritional stress in white tailed deer, favours male

83
Q

Tertiary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio of juveniles; indicates the proportion of each sex entering the breeding population

84
Q

Quaternary sex ratio

A

Adult sex ratio; skewed in favour of one sex

85
Q

Monogamy

A
  • Seasonal-pair bonds only for the current season (E.g. Pintails)
  • Lifetime-pair bonds established for life (E.g. coyotes)
86
Q

Polygamy

A

Polyandry: Several males per female; rare in vertebrates but occurs in few birds

Polygyny: Several females per male (e.g. ring necked pheasant)

87
Q

Promiscuity

A

Indiscriminate mating

E.g. bobcats

88
Q

Implications of monogamy

A

Species require a balanced ratio to maintain maximum production of offspring

89
Q

Mooney’s Pond

A

Developed as a semi-natural rearing pond

90
Q

Smolt

A

Young salmon ready to go to sea

91
Q

Grisle

A

Salmon that have spent one winter in sea and have returned to freshwater to spawn

92
Q

What type of colonial nesting birds are found at Cape Tryon?

A

Crested cormorants

93
Q

MSY

A

Maximum sustainable yield

  • Removal of the maximum amount of biomass without negatively impacting future harvests
  • Common in fisheries
94
Q

OSY

A

Optimum sustainable yield

  • Takes into account the ecological and socio-economic impacts of harvest
  • More commonly practiced today
95
Q

Lentic system

A

Ponds and lakes

96
Q

Meander

A

Curves of river caused by water erosion

Example: Ox Bow Lake

97
Q

MSW

A

Multi-sea water salmon; salmon that return after 2 or 3 years at sea

98
Q

What do waterfowl use DeRoche Pond for?

A

Resting point

99
Q

What is the transformation called that salmon undergo to enable them to move into salt water

A

Smolts

100
Q

Why was Banff national park created?

A

Created by the government to make the best economic use of it
- Conservation efforts

101
Q

Wild boar

A

Invasive species in Saskatchewan

- High reproductive rates make them hard to eradicate

Principles Of Wildlife Biology (12 decks)

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