Lab Material

Question 1

What are the names of the dune plants we saw at blooming point?

Answer 1

Sea Rocket and Beach Pea

Grasses: cord and marram

Question 2

What are the names of some of the wetland emergent plants we saw?

Answer 2

• Giant burr-reed
• Soft rush
• Bull rush (actually a sedge)
• Broadleaf cat tail

Question 3

What are some of the aquatic plants we saw?

Answer 3

• Duckweed
• Pondweeds
• Cow lily

Question 4

Digger Logs

Answer 4

• Logs placed in streams to direct water flow which creates a meandering pattern over time
• Sediment packed on the upstream side of the log (as a ramp) to direct water flow over top
• Creates spawning habitat for trout

Question 5

Cover Logs

Answer 5

• Stray floating logs
• Provide salmon fry with protection from predators
• Salmon and trout require cover for spawning

Question 6

Brush Mats

Answer 6

• Using conifer tree boughs (old Christmas trees), wooden stakes, and twine
• Prevents further erosion of river banks
• Helps prevent sediment deposition so that gravel is available for redd building

Question 7

Rock Gabion Baskets

Answer 7

Galvanized metal baskets filled with rocks and placed at the bottom of eroding slopes

Question 8

Wing Deflector/Channel Deflector

Answer 8

Structure that extends out from the banks of a river and deflects the direction of water flow

Question 9

Check Dams

Answer 9

Reduce flow velocity and allows sediment to settle

Question 10

Encapsulating Trap

Answer 10

Trap used for raccoons because they have a large amount of sensitive nerve endings in their paws meaning leg traps are inhumane for them

Question 11

Laird Pond

Answer 11

• Manmade impoundment system that creates wetland areas and promotes fish movement
• Lead to dams

Question 12

Relief Area

Answer 12

Downwards flow area in an impoundment system that relieves the water pressure downstream

Question 13

What is the purpose of Mooney’s pond?

Answer 13

• Semi natural rearing facility for raising fry

- Has a burme dam

Question 14

What type of tree species are found at Mooney’s Pond?

Answer 14

• Red maple
• Sugar maple
• Oak
• White pine
• Balsam fir

Question 15

Aquifers

Answer 15

Oxygenate and cool spring waters

- Aquifers under pressure cause bubbles to rise to the surface

Question 16

Standard Leg Trap

Answer 16

• Used for muskrats and mink
• Trap has no teeth and no jagged edges
• Sometimes attached to a wire with a locking mechanism, leading to water. This drowns them

Question 17

Modified Leg Trap

Answer 17

Same as the standard leg trap but has a bar on the top that allows for more skin grab

Question 18

Conibear Trap

Answer 18

• Rotating jaw trap for muskrats

- Snaps neck/collapses lungs for instant death

Question 19

Indian River

Answer 19

• Protected wildlife area with a slot fish ladder
• Emergent plants: cattails
• Resting/stage area for waterfowl

Question 20

Scales Pond

Answer 20

• Burme dam gave out ~10 years ago and was rebuilt; used to regulate water level in pond
• Originally built for hydropower
• Vertical slot fish ladder
• Leads to an arched culvert

Question 21

West River System

Answer 21

• Uses a box culvert with Timbers and a perched culvert (downstream area)
• Contains a series of rock dams to maintain water level
• Vertical slot fish ladder
• Circular culvert

Question 22

Clyde River

Answer 22

• Undersized corrugated curve culvert

- Causes the water to move in onion patterns

Question 23

How can we tell the age of beavers by looking at their teeth? Describe from Kits to Year 4.5.

Answer 23

By looking at the roots of the teeth.

Kits: milk pre molars are still visible

1. 5 years: roots of all molars are wide open cylinders
2. 5 years: roots of molars are smaller in the size of the root opening but there’s still a visible hole
3. 5 years: pinholes in premolars and second and third molar. The first molar is closed off with cement
4. 5 years: no holes in the roots of the molars

Question 24

What would the tooth from the jaw of a 2.5 year old deer look like?

Answer 24

It would have six fully erupted teeth on both sides of the jaw (3 permanent pre molars and 3 permanent molars). Premolar 3 now has two cusps.

Question 25

What would the jaw from a yearling deer look like?

Answer 25

Generally it would have six fully erupted teeth and premolar three with have three cusps.

Question 26

What would the teeth of a 3.5 year old deer look like?

Answer 26

The dentine is now wider than the enamel on molar one, and molar three has flattened cusps.

Question 27

What would the teeth of a 4.5 year old deer look like?

Answer 27

Dentine is now twice as wide as the enamel on molar one