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Micro Sem 1 > Midterm 1 Terms and Definitions > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Terms and Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Transport medium

A

for transporting clinical specimens from patients to lab.
Sufficient to survive for 24-48 hours but not for them to replicate significantly or a single pathogen to overgrow others present.

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2
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Qualitative, can the microbe cause disease

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3
Q

Virulence

A

Quantitative, How much pathology does a given amount of the pathogen cause?
What is the LD50, expressed as a virus titer.

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4
Q

Heterophil antigen

A

An antigen that is found on many unrelated species

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5
Q

An Exotoxin

A

A specific, soluble, antigenic, injurious substance produced and secreted by bacteria.
Usually heat labile, most are proteins.

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6
Q

A Toxoid

A

A non-toxic but antigenic portion or form of an exotoxin produced by bacteria,

A heat/chemically detoxified form of an exotoxin that can be used for vaccines.

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7
Q

An Endotoxin

A

The phospholipid-polysaccharide macromolecules that are integral bacterial cell wall components in Gram Negative bacteria.

The Lipid-A portion of LPS is responsible for endotoxin toxicity.

Less potent than exotoxins, and are relatively heat stable.

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8
Q

Active vs passive immunization

A

Active: a vaccine, produces memory cells
Passive: administering antibodies, does not produce memory cells.

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9
Q

Agglutination

A

Antigen-antibody reaction that causes visible sedimentation of large complexes.

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10
Q

Antibody titer

A

the lowest concentration of antibodies which still give a visible result in the reaction, Elisa, complement fixation, agglutination.

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11
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A

Vaccines in which the bacteria/microbes are not killed or completely destroyed, but rather their virulence is just reduced somehow, and still alive yet harmless microbes are used in the vaccine.

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12
Q

An Agglutinin

A

An antibody that causes agglutination of the bacteria or target cells

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13
Q

Co-agglutination

A

An agglutination test using antibodies bout to S. Aureus cells, which will then agglutinate in the presence of the target antigen for htose antibodies.

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14
Q

Precipitin

A

An antibody that precipitates from solution when binding its target antigen

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15
Q

O-antigen

A

The external 40 repeated tetrasaccharide portion of LPS in gram negative cell walls

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16
Q

Somatic antigen

A

A somatic antigen is an antigen located in the cell wall of a gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium.

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17
Q

H-antigen

A

The flagella of enteric gram-negative bacteria.

H from the German word for ‘film’ no longer sensible

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18
Q

Capsule antigen

A

The capsule of bacteria, called K-antigen for enteric bacteria

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19
Q

Protective antigen

A

An antigen responsible for generative protective immunity,

ie an antigen used in vaccines.

20
Q

Epidemy

A

An epidemic disease, an outbreak of high numbers

21
Q

Endemy

A

A disease that occurs constantly in low/regular numbers

22
Q

Pandemy

A

worldwide epidemic

23
Q

Vector

A

Either:
1) An invertebrate animal that transmits infections agents to vertebrates

2) DNA that automatically replicates in a cell, which can have other DNA segments inserted into it. ex. plasmids, viral vectors , artificial chromosomes.

24
Q

Selective toxicity

A

An antibacterial agent which kills only the bacteria leaving host unharmed.

25
Q

MIC

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration:

lowest concentration that inhibits proliferation in vitro.

26
Q

MBC

A

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration

lowest conc that kills bacteria in vitro

27
Q

Chemotherapeutic Index

A

Dosis curativa minima / Dosis Tolerata maxima

Min effective dose / Max tolerated dose

Min effective dose / Max dose without toxicity.

28
Q

Antibiogram

A

A record of the resistance of microbes to antibiotics.

29
Q

Facultative Anaerobic bacteria

A

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent

30
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

An organism that will not survive in the presence of oxygen

31
Q

Microaerophilic Bacteria

A

an aerobic bacteria that requires oxygen, but at lower concentrations that in normal atmosphere.
Grows best in low (but present) oxygen in air.

32
Q

Differential Media

A

A medium that causes different types of bacteria to have different appearances (colors)
Ie medium that distinguishes between fermenting (purple colored) and non-fermenting colonies (clear)

33
Q

Selective Media

A

Media that has ingredients that inhibit growth of any microorganism besides the desired one.

34
Q

Obligate pathogenic bacteria

A

Always pathogenic

35
Q

Facultative pathogenic bacteria

A

May cause illness under special circumstances but not always
ex. E. coli in our gut.

36
Q

Autotrophic Bacteria

A

produces energy from inorganic compounds

37
Q

Heterotrophic Bacteria

A

produces energy from organic compounds

38
Q

Paratrophic Bacteria

A

Obligate intracellular parasites.

Only able to live inside a eukaryotic cell.

39
Q

Absolute lethal dose

A

LD100.

The dose that kills 100% of the experimental animals

40
Q

Zoonosis

A

An infection or parasite that both humans and other animals may get.
Disease acquired in humans from an animal host

41
Q

Bacterial isolate

A

a population of bacteria from one species that was isolated from a specific place and time

42
Q

Bacterial strain

A

A population of bacteria isolated from a single colony maintained in a lab for a long time.

43
Q

Primary immune response

A

The response to the very first encounter with an antigen.
As a rule is only detectable after a lag period.

IgM the main ab produced early in the response

Then IgG, or IgA, or both.

Serum ab levels rise for a few weeks then decline. IgM levels decline first.

44
Q

Secondary immune response

A

The response to the second encounter with an antigen.

Faster than the primary response, higher in magnitude, and longer lasting

IgG is the main ab produced in the secondary repsonse.

45
Q

Sterilization

A

the complete killing of all microbes

46
Q

Disinfection

A

reduces the number of microbes

47
Q

Ribotype

A

Bacteria classified based on the 16S subunit of the ribosomes

Micro Sem 1 (26 decks)

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