Midterm 1 pt.2

Question 1

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 1

2 pairs of bones: clavicles & scapulae - almost a complete circle around upper trunk
attachment points of muscles that move upper limbs
scapulae only attached laterally

Question 2

Clavicles?

Answer 2

collarbones
mildly S-shaped
insertion points for muscles, also a brace to push arms laterally
curvature ensures outward fracture, away from subclavian artery

Question 3

Scapulae?

Answer 3

shoulder blades
thin, triangular, flat bones
dorsally, between ribs 2 & 7
3 borders: superior, medial & lateral

Question 4

What forms the glenoid cavity?

Answer 4

Acromion and coracoid processm

Question 5

What makes the humerus?

Answer 5

only bone of the arm
articulates with scapula, radius & ulna
2 important condyles and 2 epicondyles
trochlea articulates with ulna
capitulum articulates with radius
ulnar nerve behind medial epicondyle

Question 6

What makes up the forearm?

Answer 6

2 parallel long bones: radius & ulna
articulates with humerus & wrist bones
with each other at superior & inferior radio-ulnar joints

Question 7

Ulna?

Answer 7

(elbow joint)
slightly longer than radius
olecranon & coronoid processes
locking of olecranon prevents elbow hyperextension
radial notch on coronoid process

Question 8

What is the styloid process

Answer 8

ligaments to the wrist

Question 9

Radius?

Answer 9

(wrist joint)
head at proximal end; distal end at the wider end
distal end has medial ulnar notch & lateral styloid process

Question 10

What makes up the pelvic girdle

Answer 10

Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae); form a complete circle
left & right coxal bones unite anteriorly & with sacrum posteriorly
Each os coxa consists of 3 bones that fuse at puberty: ilium, ischium, pubis
acetabulum is area where all 3 bones join »» forms socket of hip joint

Question 11

What is the ilium

Answer 11

large flaring bone that forms most of os coxa
note iliac crest (superior border); iliac spines (attachment of muscles)
pelvic brim is superior margin of true pelvis
anteriorly, the body of the ilium joins the ischium and the pubis

Question 12

Ischium?

Answer 12

postero-inferior part of hip bone
superior body joining ilium and thinner, inferior ramus
What is the ischial tuberosity: Rough bone, when you sit will accept weight of body

Question 13

Pubis?

Answer 13

anterior part of ox cosa
2 pubic bones unite at pubis symphysis
note pubic crest, obturator foramen (blood vessels & nerves)

Question 14

Difference between male and female pelvis

Answer 14

Male: tilted forward, bones heavier, smaller pelvic angle

Question 15

What bone is in thigh?

Answer 15

femur = largest, longest & strongest bone
head
fovia capitis
neck (angles laterally to shaft)
linea aspera
lat & med condyles (articulate with tibia)
lat & med epicondyles (muscles)
patellar surface (between condyles)
Trocanters

Question 16

Leg bones?

Answer 16

2 parallel bones: tibia & fibula
interosseus membrane + proximal & distal tibiofibular joints (rigid)
fibula not contributor to knee joint

Question 17

Tibia

Answer 17

next largest & strongest bone receives wt. from the femur & transfers it to the foot
Medial malleolus
medial & lateral condyles
tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament)

Question 18

Fibula

Answer 18

not weight bearing/no articulation with femur
head & lateral malleolus

Question 19

The foot?

Answer 19

total of 26 bones: tarsus (ankle bone), metatarsus & phalanges

Question 20

Bones of the tarsus?

Answer 20

Calcaneus, talus, trochlea of talus, cuboid, navicular, latera; cuneiform, intermediate cuniform, medial cuniform

Question 21

Metatarsus and phalanges?

Answer 21

Same as in hand, big toe is one to five

Question 22

Classification of joints?

Answer 22

Structure
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Function: (how much freedom of movement the joint allows)
Synarthroses (no movement), Amphiarthroses (some), Diarthroses (lots)

Question 23

Fibrous joints?

Answer 23

Bones joined by fibrous CT
no joint cavity present »» very little to no movement at joint
Sutures, sydesmosis (held by ligament fibula and tibia) and gomphosis (peg in socket, tooth)

Question 24

Cartilaginous joints?

Answer 24

bones are united by cartilage / there is no joint cavity
Synchondroses
(epiphyseal plates between each of 1st seven ribs & sternum)
Symphysis
(eg: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints)

Question 25

6 Features of synovial joints?

Answer 25

Articular (hyaline) cartilage:
covers opposing bone surfaces,cushioning
Joint (synovial) cavity
fluid-filled
Articular capsule:
Double layered
Synovial fluid
fills joint cavity & reduces friction
Reinforcing ligaments: restrict movement of joint
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular : outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Rich nerve and blood vessel supply:
Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid

Question 26

2 structures with synovial joints?

Answer 26

bursa is sac lined with synovial membrane & containing a thin film of synovial fluid; found where ligaments, muscles, skin or muscle tendons overlie & rub against bone
A tendon sheaths can be thought of as an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Question 27

3 factirs that influence stability of synoivial joints?

Answer 27

shape of articular surfaces of many joints are such that they don’t contribute stability
deep ball & socket joints have good shape for stability
Ligaments
more ligaments = more strength
Muscle tone

Question 28

3 common joint injuries

Answer 28

Sprains
partially torn ligaments repair themselves but very slowly
Cartilage Tears
usually the knee
pieces break off / interfere with joint function »» arthroscopic surgery
Dislocations
bones forced out of their normal positions at a joint; need to be reduced

Question 29

Angular movements? (Flexion, hyperextension, abduction, aduction, circumduction, gliding)

Answer 29

Flexion- decrease angle
Hyperextension- go beyond normal angle
Abduction- away from midline
Adduction- towards midline
Circumduction- movement of 360
Gliding- think queens wave

Question 30

Roational movements?

Answer 30

Rotation
Lateral Rotation
Medial Rotation

Question 31

Special movements? (pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression)

Answer 31

Pronation- radius rotates of ulna (anatomical position)
Supination- radius and ulna are parallel
Dorsiflexion- toes towards shin bone
Plantar flexion- point toes
Inversion- feet towards midline
Eversion- feet away from midline
Protraction- mandible forward
Retraction- Mandible backwards
Elevation of mandible
Depression of mandible

Question 32

6 types of synovial joints? (people hate people called sam brown)

Answer 32

Plane Joint- 2 flat opposing surfaces
Gliding e.g. intercarpal joints
Hinge Joint
cylinder into trough
flexion/extension.g. elbow
Pivot Joint
insertion into a ring or sleeve
eg: between atlas & dens of axis; proximal radio ulnar joint
Condyloid Joint
“knuckle-like”
articulating surfaces oval
all planes of motion
Saddle Joint
similar to condylar
saddle shape permits even more freedom of movement
Ball-&-socket Joint
multiaxial joints
most freely moving
e.g. shoulder/ hip joints

Question 33

what kind of joint is shoulder?

Answer 33

Ball-and-socket
Head of humerus & glenoid fossa of the scapula
The only ligaments of note is the coracohumeral
tendons of the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize this joint.

Question 34

what kind of joint is elbow?

Answer 34

Hinge Joint
trochlea of the humerus with the trochlear notch on the ulna
Stabilized by collateral ligaments

Question 35

What kind of joint is hip?

Answer 35

Deep ball and socket joint
head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvic bone
intracapsular ligament that extends from the fovea
Extracapsular ligaments to note are the iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral.

Question 36

what kind of joint is the knee?

Answer 36

A hinge joint
Three joints – femoropatellar, lateral tibiofemoral and medial tibiofemoral
There are 2 intracapsular ligaments (anterior and posterior cruciate), 2 menisci (medial and lateral, attached at the fibrous capsule) and 2 extracapsular ligaments (fibular collateral and tibial collateral).
Note the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

Question 37

tempromandiublar joint?

Answer 37

A modified hinge joint
Mandibular condyle with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Stabilized by a lateral ligament.
Initial jaw opening is hinged followed by disc sliding
There is gliding when the condyle moves from side to side via articulation with the superior joint cavity and the superior surface of the disc.