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ANP 1106 > Final Pt. 4 > Flashcards

Final Pt. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Direct and indirect pathways of cortex?

A

direct- corticospinal
indirect- corticobulbar

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2
Q

Akinesia vs dykinesia?

A

akinesia- absence of movement (basal ganglia)
dynkinesia- diffuculty of movement (cerebellum)

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3
Q

Levels of control?

A

Highest (precommand)- cerebellum/ basal nuclei
middle- motor cortex/ brain stem
lowest- spinal cord

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4
Q

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, brocas area, frontal eye field?

A

PMC- precentral gyrus, relationship w/ primary somatosensory gyrus
PC- movment of several muscle groups
brocas- motor speech
FEF- voluntray eye movement

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5
Q

Basal ganglia requird for what?

A

movement initiation

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6
Q

Descending motor pathways?

A

Efferent impulses to spine from brain
direct: pyramidal
indirect: all others

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7
Q

Motor pathways use what neurons?

A

upper motor cortex neurons, lower spinal cord/crainial nerve neurons

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8
Q

What does pyramidal system do?

A

regulates fast/ skilled movement
90% lateral corticospinal
10% anterior corticospinal

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9
Q

How are skeletal muscles innervated?

A

ACh diffuses across cleft, binds
- Na/K across membrane
- Depolarization of inner muscle, AP

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10
Q

Parapeligia, quadrepeligia, paralysis

A

Parapeligia: T1 to L1
quad: cervical region
Paralysis: loss of motor function

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11
Q

Flaccid paralysis?

A

damage to ventral root, anterior horncells
- lower motor neurons damage, no impulses
- no movement at all

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12
Q

Spastic paralysis?

A

upper neurons of pri. motor cortex damaged
- spinal neurons intact
- no voluntray movement, ireegular stimulation

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13
Q

What tracts make up extrapyramidal system?

A

rubrospinal (control flexor muscles), vestibulospinal, reticulospinal (balance), tectospinal tracts (head movements)

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14
Q

Cerebellar processing?

A

The cerebellum gets data from the cortex, initiates voluntary movement, and finds the best way to perform movement

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15
Q

Neocerebellum?

A

lateral lobes of cerebellum, fine motor coordination

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16
Q

Midline cerebellum?

A

spinal inputs, posture, balance

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17
Q

Vestibulocerebellum?

A

floccondular lobe, maintains stability of head on body

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18
Q

What is the final common motor pathway?

A

lower motor neurons recive signal from direct/indirect motor neurons
sum of all inhib/exhib signals determines response of lower motor neurons/ skeletal muscles

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19
Q

Axons of ANS are…

A

2 neuron chain… pre and postganglionic

20
Q

Sympathetic/ para use…

A

Symp use NE, para use ACh

21
Q

3 pathways to paravertebral ganglia?

A
  1. synapse w/ ganglionic neuron and same ganglion
  2. as/decend symp. chain to synapse in other chain ganglion
  3. pass throuhj chain ganglion, emerge without synpasing
22
Q

Hypothalamus?

A

Master controller of ANS, involuntray functions

23
Q

2 types of cholerginic receptors?

A

muscarinic, nicotinic

24
Q

features of nicotinic receptors?

A

found on motor end plates, ANS ganglions, hormone cells of adrenal medulla
ACh binding always stimulatory

25
Q

features of muscarinic receptors?

A

efferctor cells innervated by postgang. choligeric fibers
ACh binding can be inhib/ exhib

26
Q

Sympathetic vs para tone?

A

Symp- constricts BV, cause BP up, dilates vessels if BP too high
Para- slows heart, dictates normal level of digestive urinary systems

27
Q

features of parasymp?

A

preganglion. long, post gang short, ganglia near viscera

28
Q

features of symp?

A

preganglion short, post gang long, ganglia near spine

29
Q

All somatic motor neurons release…

A

ACh (excitatory)

30
Q

cholinergic vs adernegic fibers

A

C- parasymp. postgang. ACh releasing fibers
A- symp. postgang. axons relaseing NE

31
Q

Atropine, neostigmine, tricyclic antidepress., cold, beta blockers

A

A- blocks parasymp. effects
N-inhibits ACh
T- prolong NE activity
C- stim. alpha-adrenergic receptors
B- attach to beta receptors, lover HR

32
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

deal w/ emotion and memory, regualtes autonomic and endocrine based on emotion
amygdala, hippocampus, gyruses, hypothalamus

33
Q

Reticular activating system?

A

innterconnected nuclei in brainstem, inhibited by sleep centers, keeps awake and filter info

34
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere controls…

A

emotional components of language

35
Q

3 principles of memory?

A

storage, processing, memory traces

36
Q

short vs long term memory?

A

short is fleeting, limited capacity
long term is limitless

37
Q

Factors that affect STM to LTM (4)

A

emotional state, reherasal, association, autonomic memory

38
Q

Fact vs skill memory

A

fact: learning explicit info, stored w/ context it was learned, amyddala-hippocampus-hypothalamus
skill: motor activity, through practice, corpus striatum, motor cortex

39
Q

Mechanisms of memory?

A

neuronal RNA content altered, dendritic spines change shape, new hippocampal neurons, extracellular proteins at synapses

40
Q

stages of sleep?

A

awake, REM, Stage 1, stage 2 , stage 3, stage 4, cycle in and out (last 4 are NREM)

41
Q

types of brain waves (4)

A

alpha-reg, low, indicate idiling brain
beta- rhythmic, irregular, awake/alert state
theta- more irregular, in kids
delta- high amp, deep sleep

42
Q

absence vs grand mal seizures

A

absence- children, blank stare
grand- loose consciousness, bones may break

43
Q

what happens during rem sleep?

A

vital signs increase, skeletal muscles inhibited, dreams

44
Q

narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep apnea?

A

N: abrupt sleep into the wake state
I: inability to obtain necessary sleep
S: cessation of breath during sleep

45
Q

What regulates the sleep cycle?

A

nuclei of the hypothalamus

ANP 1106 (6 decks)

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