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ANP 1106 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Graded vs action potentials?

A

Graded: short distance/lived, low energy
Action: long distance, high threshold

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2
Q

What is frequency?

A

More impulses, stronger the stimulus

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3
Q

2 things that affect conduction rate?

A

axon diameter (larger, faster) and degree of myleination (salatory vs. continuos)

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4
Q

White matter vs grey matter

A

white matter- myleinated
grey matter- unmyleinated

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5
Q

Three groups of neurons (A, B, C)

A

A is biggest, C smallest
speed decreases with size
A is most myleinated, C is least

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6
Q

What groups of neurons are in ANS?

A

Group B and C

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7
Q

What is neuronal pool?

A

functioning group of neurons, intergrates and forwards info

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8
Q

Draw AP graph, with chemicals going in and out

A

DRAW

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9
Q

What is a simple neuronal pool?

A

1 fiber branches into a pool

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10
Q

Discharge zone vs facilitated zone?

A

Discharge- closer to fiber, more likely to generate impulse
Facilitated- less likely to generate impulse, must be excited by external source

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11
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

excitatory, depolarization, Na and K

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12
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

inhibitory, hyperpolarizes, Cl or K

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13
Q

Indirect vs direct transmission?

A

Indirect- neurotransmitters w/ G proteins
Direct- ion binds to channel, faster, shorter

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14
Q

How are post synaptic potentials different from APs?

A

Short distance, chemical channels (not voltage), voltage dependant, no refractory period, no + feedback, use Na, K, Cl

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15
Q

4 steps of GPCR binding?

A

1- neurotransmitter binds to GPCR
2- GDP released, GTP bind to g protein w/ adenylate cyclase
3- AC converts ATP to CAMP
4- CAMP opens channels, changes permeability

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16
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter - opens cl- channels
- controls retina of eye

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17
Q

ACh (acetylcholine)

A

excitatory or inhibitory depending on tissue
PNS - neuromuscular junction
CNS - cortex, hippocampus, brain stem

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18
Q

Norepinephrine

A

inhibitory or excitatory
- sympathetic NS
- related to dopamine release
- basal ganglia in the CNS (Parkinson’s disease)

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
- hypothalamus has to do with wakefulness

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20
Q

Substance P

A

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.
- endorphins block the pain

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21
Q

Nitic Oxide (NO)

A

excitatory in CNS for memory formation

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22
Q

VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter)

A

hyperpolarizing / inhibitory

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23
Q

VGLUT1

A

glutamate
depolarizing / excitatory

24
Q

4 kinds of circuts?

A

Parallel after discharge, diverging, converging, reverberating (DRAW)

25
Q

Serial vs parallel processing?

A

Serial- 1 input, 1 path, all or nothing, produces specific reflex
Parallel- 1 input, multiple paths, 1 stimulus, multiple responses

26
Q

Dermatomes

A

Sensory territories

27
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain in appendix cant be felt, does to stomach wall

28
Q

Receptor potential?

A

type of graded potential, produced of sensory receptor

29
Q

Exteroceptors vs interoceptors?

A

extero- stimuli outside body (senses, pain)
intero- stimuli inside body (viscera, temp, chem)

30
Q

what is enkephalin?

A

released by interneurons, blocks pain by acting on receptors

31
Q

What nerves innervate the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve- opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

32
Q

Noicorecpetors?

A

pain receptors
histamine, K, ATP, bradykinin cause depolarization to treat pain

33
Q

Can cells regenerate in CNS?

A

No

34
Q

Encapsulated vs free nerves.

A

Encapsulated- more specific, low sensitivity (muscle spindle)
Free- sensitive, less specific, everywhere

35
Q

Propriceptors

A

spatial awarness (vestibular kinethetic sense)

36
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

touch, pressure, etc

37
Q

thermoreceptors

A

change in temp, sense you percieve is dependant of protein being triggered

38
Q

Lateral inhibition:

A

capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors.

39
Q

Less axon terminals…

A

increases specificty of neuron

40
Q

Senses use what kind of receptor?

A

complex- 2 step transduction, uses receptor cell to signal afferent neuron

41
Q

what is a muscle spindle?

A

contained in muscle, covered in sensory nerves, sends info to spine

42
Q

tendon organ capsule?

A

same as muscle spindle, sends sensory info to dorsal horn

43
Q

What are first-order neurons?

A

Sensory
cell body in dorsal root or cranial ganglia
skin to spinal cord/ brain stem

44
Q

What are second order neurons?

A

Interneurons
Soma in dorsal horn or meduallry nuclei
axons decussate
transmission to thalamus or cerebellum

45
Q

What are third order neurons?

A

Located in thalamus- somatosensory cortex

46
Q

3 steps of vision?

A
  1. bipolar cells
  2. ganglion cells
  3. optic chiasm (sensory processing)
47
Q

3 steps of auditory?

A
  1. bipolar cells in spiral ganglion
  2. superior olivary nucleus in brain stem
  3. thalamus (sensory processing)
48
Q

3 steps of taste?

A
  1. geniculate ganglia
  2. solidary nucleus (medulla)
  3. Thalamus- gustatory cortex
49
Q

perceptual detection?

A

detecting stimuli that as occured

50
Q

Magnitude estimation?

A

how much stim is acting (frequency)

51
Q

spatial discrimination?

A

site or pattern of stim (finding key in pocket w/ lots of stuff)

52
Q

feature abstraction?

A

indentify things based off texture and shape (keys in pocket)

53
Q

Quality discrimination?

A

differentiate sensory (sweet vs sour)

54
Q

where does the thalamus project its fibers?

A

somatosensory cortex, sensory association areas

55
Q

How does knee jerk reaction work? (3 steps)

A
  1. stretch (muscle spindle) from patella hit
  2. muscle spindle fires AP, dorsal root to spinal cord grey matter
  3. quad motor neurons excited
56
Q

Laternal vs Ventral spinothalamic

A

interneurons in dorsal horn
decussate before ascending vs descending
projects to thalamus
faster vs. slower
more specific (pain, temp) vs. less specific (touch, pressure)

ANP 1106 (6 decks)

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