Midterm 1 (Part 2) Flashcards
common question in grounded theory
what are the psychosocial factors
who can be a control?
part of source population, no longer useable after event/death, selected regardless of exposure
transformational simulatenous
quanti+ quali, or quali/quanti
what is grounded theory/ how is it collected
phenomena described in relation to how each person gives meaning to their social interactions, explain social processess
case report vs case series
cr- report on one patient, w new symptom
cs- report on group of patients w same new symptoms
interuppted time series?
evaluted repeatdly before and after treatment
two kinds of qualitative observation
direct and indirect
what is explanatory sequence
quanti to quali, description of results
what is ethnography/ how is it collected
observe and describe cultures or subcultures, understanding a human group and way of lifeextended observation of groups, may live with study group
what is a mixed design
combines qual/quan methods, driven by Q of research, results need both methods
what is a cohort study
ppl exposed compared to not exposed, no intervention, only questioning/ data collection, find who develops condition
benefits/disadvantages of randomized clinical trial
b-internal vaidity
d- external valaidity, expensive
is the number of particpants in qualitative data set?
no, can change
time factors in quantitative studies?
retro/prospective
some issues with ecological studies?
can’t adjust for counfounding factors, complex relationships can be masked
what is case study
indivdual, questions become more precise
two kinds of quantitative study
descriptive (count cases, simple studies), analytic/scientific (is there an association)
what is a longitudinal survey
collects data at diff points in time from same participants
what is a cross-sectional survey
study or survey that examines the relationship
between an exposure and disease at a single point in
time (measures exposure prevalence to disease prevalence)
what is phenomonlogy/ how is it collected
study of lived experiences, identify nature of phenomenon. Researcher collects perspectives, then uses strategies to interpret and structure
what is a ecological fallacy/ bias
group-level association may not transfer to the individual level
what is a disease outbreak
A disease outbreak is when more cases of a disease occur than expected in a certain area or group of people. Outbreaks are similar to epidemics but often refer to more localized events.
characteristics of experimental study
parallel, compartive, may be blinded or not, phase one to four clinical trials
what are the objectives of a randomized trial
evaluate the effect of a drug or intervention on the course of a disease in a patient population, evaluate the impact in non-ill people
types of experimental studies
before and after trial (one recieves intervention other does not, test before and after), after one trial (one recieves intervention other does not, test after), factorial design (two factors assigned to subjects), crossover trial (subjects randomized to diff seuqneces with treatments)
aims of qualitative research
to understand the participants point of view, describe phenomena, classify and structure data
main limitation of cases
“No explicit comparison group” means there is no clearly defined group to compare results against, making it harder to assess the true effect of the studied factor
4 kinds of qualitative research
phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study
common question in ethnography
what are the cultural factors
what is a quasi experimental study
researcher controls what and when but not who, control group cannot be randomized, exaime relationships and predict phenomena
common question in phenomenology
how do you experience this
issues with case control
recall bias, timing issues, confounding factors
what is a ecological study
examines rates of disease in realtion to population level factor, examines as a group (country, state, etc)
sequential exploratory
quali to quanti, understanding of results
stregths of ecological studies
inexpensive, fast, based off avalible data, wide range of exposures, analysis is easy
what is a case control study
cases are compared with control, matching, recruitment based off absence/ presence of outcome, no intervention is done
what is a disease cluster
group of cases of a particular disease that occurs in a specific area or among a specific population over a certain period of time at rates higher than expected
different data collections methods for qualitative
individual (more in depth), collective (focus group), nominal group (8-12 ppl, scale is developed, then hierarchy), delphi (all online, no limits)
issues with cross sectional survey
problematic when exposure is changeable (i.e weight and exercise), cases picked up tend to only be long duration, not all will be picked up
stregth of cross-sectional survey
quick, generalizable
simultaneous with triagulation
quanti+quali, vice versa,
prospective vs retrospective cohort studies
p- sample without disease, follow up (data collected in advance)
r- data collected after disease, ask about past
