Final (Part 2) Flashcards
limitation of cumulative incidence?
not a perfect measure in a dynamic population
what is central tendency
method of calculating the average, descriptive factors, mean median and mode
what to include when discussing results
link with the review, strengths and weaknesess, generalize results, future research
What is odds ratio
ratio between two odds : (A/B) / (C/D). or (AD/BC)
grey literature?
materials and research outputs that are not published through traditional commercial or academic publishing channels
what is person-time
unit for incidence rate, amount of time each person at risk is under observation
formula for incidence
of new cases/ population
what is publication bias
posistive essays more easily published, lannguage biases, small study biases
what is prevalence
presence of cases during specific time
what is relative risk
ratio of absolute risks in both groups, formula: RR: AR exposed/ AR not exposed, way to find if exposure and results are related
features of normal distribution
bidirectional, symmetrical, totals to 1
can be skewed or kurtosis (peaked or flattened)
measures of central tendency for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio?
n-mode
o-mode, median
i,r- mode median mean
what is a meta-analysis
comprehensive quantitative synthesis of study results on the same question
when is heterogeneity significant?
when it is less than 0.05
what is absolute risk
proportion of people with positive result, formula is : a/ (a+b)
what is incidence
measures new cases in specfic time, includes transition from diff states, denominator only includes population at risk
what is epidemiology
study of distribution and determminants of disease in human pop, applied to study health problems
PICOS method?
patenits/poppulations, interventions, comparators, , outcomes, study designh
what is a cross table
analysis based on two or more variables, IV vs DV or multiple categories of IV
when doing a meta-analysis you must…
define the question, define criteria to select studies, explore heterogeneity, validity and accuracy of the results
what are three measures of variability?
range, variance, standard deviation
in a clincal trial/ RCT there is…
a study group, a placebo group
numerator and denominator
n- cases of disease
d- size of pop
what is cumulative incidence
measures new cases in specified time period
how do you see publication bias
lack of symetry or a funnel plot
cannot calculate risk ratio
in case control studies
statistical vs clinical significane
s-diff vs relationship, H0 rejection (if p is less than a of 0.05)
c- professional practice, advancement of knowledge
3 types of knowledge synthesis
literature review, scoping review (exploratory project) and systematic review
descriptive vs inferential statistics
d- organzie, summarize and present data
i- generalize to pops. test hypothesis, make predictions
what is EBPH
evidence-based public health, uses scientic reasoning to implement public health programs
3 kinds of disease frequency measurements
ratio- non related numbers divided
proportion- related numbers divided, numerator is part of denominator
rate- time in denominator
what is p value
how likely results are due to chance, if great that 0.05 can’t be concluded there is a relationship
What is odds?
proportion of outcome A compared to outcome B : A/B
what are two main measures of association
relative risk, odds ratio
when is CI significant
when it excludes the null value
4 components of measuring disease frequency
population, # of cases, size of pop, time
fixed vs dynamic population
fixed- wont change, defined by event (ex: ppl born in 2004)
dynamic- can change (residents of ottawa0
formula for prevalence/ point prevalence
of cases/ population at time point
what is the cochrane collaboration?
updates and conducts systemic reviews, helps for informed health care decision making
what is incidence rate
speed at which new cases occur
