Midterm 1

Question 1

what problem situations require research

Answer 1

pericieved discrpencies, reasons for dis. are unclear, and more than one soltuion

Question 2

5 phases of research process

Answer 2

conceptual, methodological, empirical, analytical, interpert results

Question 3

what is a template

Answer 3

organized set of concepts or variables and interrealtionships

Question 4

what instances does selection bias take place

Answer 4

case- control (compare individuals with a specific condition (cases) to those without it), cohort/experimental (follow groups over time to observe outcomes)

Question 5

types of criticism

Answer 5

critical reading, critical analysis

Question 6

Which type of statistics uses prediction and control?

Answer 6

qualitative

Question 7

what is criticizing

Answer 7

intellectual activity that involves assessing value of a study using criteria

Question 8

what are REBS

Answer 8

research ethics committee, a group that evaluate research protocols, decodes funding

Question 9

2 types of validity?

Answer 9

external and internal

Question 10

Post-positivsm paradigm vs interpretive

Answer 10

Post-positivism: Linked to quantitative research, focusing on measurement and testing.
Interpretive paradigm: Linked to qualitative research, focusing on understanding meaning and experiences.

Question 11

differences in types of validity

Answer 11

ex- extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings or populations
in- how well a study is conducted and whether it accurately demonstrates a causal relationship between variables

Question 12

what is confusion bias?

Answer 12

affects measure of association when external variable is influencing association

Question 13

what is misclassification bias?

Answer 13

bias results from errors in collection of info

Question 14

confounding factor?

Answer 14

must be assoicated with exposure and outcome, but not part of casual chain

Question 15

ethical vs morale

Answer 15

e- philopshy based on what is good or bad
m- dependent on cultures, time, set of rules

Question 16

primary vs secondary sources

Answer 16

primary- written by author, details, peer review, high impact factors
secondary- written by other, no peer, caution

Question 17

what are measurement errors called

Answer 17

non-differential (when exposure doesnt change results), differential (when exposure does)

Question 18

kinds of justification

Answer 18

theorectical/ conceptual (models, abstract theories), or empirical (based off data)

Question 19

what is the Nuremberg code

Answer 19

firsy formal guide to research with humans, 1947, said consent, avoid harm, qualifications

Question 20

types of variables

Answer 20

dependent, independent, control, confounding, intermediate

Question 21

qualitative qualities?

Answer 21

interpretive paradigm, inductive resoning, narrative data

Question 22

theoretical framework?

Answer 22

based on established theories that explain relationships between variables

Question 23

what is a theory

Answer 23

abrstract explanantion of relations that unites facts or concepts

Question 24

features of scientific research?

Answer 24

logical, analyse empirical data

Question 25

what is a literature review?

Answer 25

knowledge of the subject, critical analysis of writings, clarify your problem, looks at literature already written

Question 26

types of selection bias?

Answer 26

innapropriate control section (control not selected properly), differential participation (one group joins more), differential loss to follow up (one group leaves more)

Question 27

ex. of bad experiments

Answer 27

tuskegee, stanford experiment, study of Milgram

Question 28

parts of conceptual phase

Answer 28

identifying the research problem, reviewing literature, and developing a clear theoretical framework and hypothesis or research questions to guide the study.

Question 29

2 kinds of main sampling

Answer 29

probabilistic vs non-probablistic

Question 30

information bias?

Answer 30

systematic error in the collection, recording, or interpretation of data

Question 31

quantitative qualities?

Answer 31

post-positism paradigm, deductive resoning, numerical data, correlation, effect

Question 32

recall bias?

Answer 32

recall of information may not be accurate

Question 33

association vs causation

Answer 33

a- identifiable relationship between exposure and disease, but is a maybe
c- accumulated evidence says there is a relationship

Question 34

what happens in the conceptual phase?

Answer 34

choose subject, literature review, research frameowrk, choose problem

Question 35

a research must be

Answer 35

purposeful, targeted, credible, timley

Question 36

steps to follow in literature review

Answer 36

1. pinpoint problems in reserach
2. select database
3. identify key words
4. increase senstiivty

Question 37

conceptual framework?

Answer 37

outlines the specific concepts and ideas relevant to a particular study, showing how they relate to each other.

Question 38

4 elements of a consent form

Answer 38

role of subject, right to withdraw/ informed consent, benefits and risks, confidentiality

Question 39

points of Helsinki declaration?

Answer 39

established committees: respect for human dignity, free and informed consent, vulnerable persons, privacy (confidentiality/anonymity), justice

Question 40

foundational vs applied research

Answer 40

f- generate new knowledge
a- find solutions to problems

Question 41

diff between 2 kinds of sampling

Answer 41

Probabilistic sampling involves selecting participants where each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being chosen, while non-probabilistic sampling relies on selection based on non-random criteria, without equal chances for all members.