Midterm 1 Flashcards
what is misclassification bias?
bias results from errors in collection of info
diff between 2 kinds of sampling
Probabilistic sampling involves selecting participants where each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being chosen, while non-probabilistic sampling relies on selection based on non-random criteria, without equal chances for all members.
what happens in the conceptual phase?
choose subject, literature review, research frameowrk, choose problem
ex. of bad experiments
tuskegee, stanford experiment, study of Milgram
what is criticizing
intellectual activity that involves assessing value of a study using criteria
features of scientific research?
logical, analyse empirical data
theoretical framework?
based on established theories that explain relationships between variables
what are REBS
research ethics committee, a group that evaluate research protocols, decodes funding
recall bias?
recall of information may not be accurate
quantitative qualities?
post-positism paradigm, deductive resoning, numerical data, correlation, effect
what is a template
organized set of concepts or variables and interrealtionships
what is a literature review?
knowledge of the subject, critical analysis of writings, clarify your problem, looks at literature already written
4 elements of a consent form
role of subject, right to withdraw/ informed consent, benefits and risks, confidentiality
types of variables
dependent, independent, control, confounding, intermediate
what are measurement errors called
non-differential (when exposure doesnt change results), differential (when exposure does)
what is confusion bias?
affects measure of association when external variable is influencing association
primary vs secondary sources
primary- written by author, details, peer review, high impact factors
secondary- written by other, no peer, caution
Which type of statistics uses prediction and control?
qualitative
parts of conceptual phase
identifying the research problem, reviewing literature, and developing a clear theoretical framework and hypothesis or research questions to guide the study.
kinds of justification
theorectical/ conceptual (models, abstract theories), or empirical (based off data)
qualitative qualities?
interpretive paradigm, inductive resoning, narrative data
what problem situations require research
pericieved discrpencies, reasons for dis. are unclear, and more than one soltuion
types of selection bias?
innapropriate control section (control not selected properly), differential participation (one group joins more), differential loss to follow up (one group leaves more)
2 types of validity?
external and internal
what is the Nuremberg code
firsy formal guide to research with humans, 1947, said consent, avoid harm, qualifications
Post-positivsm paradigm vs interpretive
Post-positivism: Linked to quantitative research, focusing on measurement and testing.
Interpretive paradigm: Linked to qualitative research, focusing on understanding meaning and experiences.
information bias?
systematic error in the collection, recording, or interpretation of data
points of Helsinki declaration?
established committees: respect for human dignity, free and informed consent, vulnerable persons, privacy (confidentiality/anonymity), justice
ethical vs morale
e- philopshy based on what is good or bad
m- dependent on cultures, time, set of rules
confounding factor?
must be assoicated with exposure and outcome, but not part of casual chain
steps to follow in literature review
- pinpoint problems in reserach
- select database
- identify key words
- increase senstiivty
what instances does selection bias take place
case- control (compare individuals with a specific condition (cases) to those without it), cohort/experimental (follow groups over time to observe outcomes)
association vs causation
a- identifiable relationship between exposure and disease, but is a maybe
c- accumulated evidence says there is a relationship
5 phases of research process
conceptual, methodological, empirical, analytical, interpert results
types of criticism
critical reading, critical analysis
2 kinds of main sampling
probabilistic vs non-probablistic
a research must be
purposeful, targeted, credible, timley
foundational vs applied research
f- generate new knowledge
a- find solutions to problems
differences in types of validity
ex- extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings or populations
in- how well a study is conducted and whether it accurately demonstrates a causal relationship between variables
what is a theory
abrstract explanantion of relations that unites facts or concepts
conceptual framework?
outlines the specific concepts and ideas relevant to a particular study, showing how they relate to each other.
