Midterm 1 - Overlap/Important Flashcards
1
Q
Behavior
A
Any observable action
2
Q
Psychology
A
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes (the mind)
3
Q
Purpose of multiple perspectives
A
Multiple perspectives allow for a reduced chance of error
Can observe the macro and micro
No one perspective gives us a complete answer
4
Q
Biological Psychology
A
(Behavioral Neuroscience)
The relation between the mind and behavior
Physical mechanics + behavior
Each part of the brain has a specific function
Multiple measurment devices to reduce the chance of error
Ex: EEG (brain waves)
EOG (eye movements)
& EMG (facial movent)
All to determine the stage of sleep
5
Q
Evolutionary Psychology
A
How behavior + physical structure have been shaped by contributions to our species’ survival and reproduction
Modern extension on functionalism
(Find examples)
6
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
Focuses on the processes of thinking, problem solving, & reasoning
7
Q
Social Psychology
A
Began because of the Bystander Effect
Effects of the social environment on behavior
i.e. Peers, culture, family, etc.
8
Q
Developmental Psychology
A
Normal changes in behavior that occur throughout life
Experience can play a large role
9
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
Explains, defines, & treats psychological disprders
Takes individual differences into account
10
Q
Culture
A
Practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people
11
Q
Individual Differences
A
An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next
12
Q
Personality
A
An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, & behaving
13
Q
Research Methods
A
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Experimental
14
Q
Descriptive Research
A
Includes case studies, surveys, & naturalistic observation
+: unobtrusive
easy to collect
minimizes artificiality
-: biases
no causality
no control over variables
15
Q
Survey
A
Participants are asked the same question
Requires a good sample size
Form of descriptive research
+: natural setting
unobtrusive
lots of data quickly
cheap
-: self-report data (self bias)
attitudes, not behavior
extraneous variables
relies on response rate
16
Q
Extraneous Variables
A
ANY variable that MAY affect your research in any way
17
Q
Confounding Variables
A
Any extraneous variable you cannot control
18
Q
Response Rate
A
% of people who actually say yes to taking your survey
19
Q
Correlational Research
A
Statistical relationships
NO CAUSALITY
+: clarifies relationships
allows prediction
-: no cause & effect
3rd variables
3 possible outcomes: +, -, or no correlation
20
Q
Objectivity
A
The practice of basing conclusions on facts without a bias
21
Q
Replication
A
Repeating an experiment & producing the same results
Provides accuracy for experiments
22
Q
Replication
A
Repeating an experiment & producing the same results
Provides accuracy for experiments
23
Q
Case Study
A
Study of a single research participant
(Often used when large numbers of people are unavailable)
Idnetifies all behaviors so interventions can be made if necessary
Form of descriptive research
Good source of/testing ground for hypotheses
24
Q
Naturalistic Observation
A
An in-depth study of phenomena in its natural setting
A form of descriptive research
Uses large numbers of people and is unobtrusive
25
Positive, Negative, and No Correlation
Positive: High levels of one variable are associated with high levels of the other
Negative: " "
" " low levels of the other
No Correlation: " " tell us nothing about the other
26
Experimental Research
Uses an independent variable in an experiment
An experimemt must have: 1. An independent variable
2. Random Assignment
27
Independent Variable
A variable controlled & manipulated by the experimenter
| The A in If A, then...
28
Dependent Variable
A measure that demonstrates the effects of an IV
29
Control Group
A group that receives all experimental procedures except the IV
30
Experimental Group
A group that is exposed to the IV
31
Random Assignment
Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group
Prevents individual differences from masking/distorting the IV
32
Operationalization
Defining variables in practical terms
(With methods that often exclude human error; ex. UCSD mirror study)
Measures the DV
33
Double-blind procedure
Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is recieving a placebo
34
Third Variable
A variable that is responsible for a CORRELATION observed between 2 other variables of interest
"SES" is often a third variable
35
Statistical Significance
A standard for deciding whether an observed result is because of chance
36
Latency
Amount of time between point A and point B
Humans are bad judges of this
37
Cover Story
A lie about an experiment's topic
Typically used in social psychology studies
38
Demand Characteristics
When a participant realizes the hypothesis and changes to appeal to it
39
Field Study (correlational)
Requires two behaviors
+: realistic
lots of data
finds relationships
-: no causality
little control
40
Experimental (lab)
+: precise control
identifies cause and effect
```
-: cannot control mood
ethical concerns
practical limitations
artificiality
biases
```
41
Generalizability
Do the findings apply to different situations/populations?
Are all variables accounted for?
Are all alternative explanations ruled out?
Lab studies are poor/too dissimilar compared to field settings
42
Field Setting
Where phenomenon of interest naturally occurs
| Generalization
43
Lab Setting
Artificial, where the phenomenon must be created
| Control
44
Photoreceptors
Light sensitive cells found within the retina
125mil per eye
Rods and Cones
45
Rods
Sensitive to light under low-light conditions
Almost all are round along the retina
Not in color
46
Cones
Sensitive to color
Almost all found in the fovea
Not active in low light
Allow for fine detail
47
Visual Pathways
Optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> Thalamus --> Ocipital Lobe
48
Primary Motor Area
Controls the body's voluntary muscles
49
Cordical Magnification
More energy is taken up by areas we use more
50
Parietal Lobe
Involved in touch sensation and spacial relationships
51
Occipital Lobe
Involved in visual perception and processing
Houses the Primary Visual Cortex
52
Temporal Lobe
Involved in understanding, language, speech, etc.
Houses Wernickies Area and the Primary Auditory Cortex
53
Frontal Lobe
Involved in movement, planning, thinking, and personality
54
Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord
55
Spinal Cord
Carries info into action
Sensory info carried to the brain
Responds with motor output
56
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
57
Somatic Nervous System
Convey senses in and motor out (to the CNS)
58
Autonomic Nervous System
Basic life function
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervously System
59
Sympathetic Nervous System
Only lasts a short period of time
Pupils dilate
Salvation decreases
Heart accelerates
Sweating increases
Lungs dilate
Digestion and elemination decrease
Sexual Climax
60
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Opposite syndromes of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Sexual Arrousal
61
Brain Stem
Responsible for automatic survival functions
62
How to determine intellegence
Brain size, number of folds (convultions/sulci), and proportion to the body
63
Toward the front of the brain
Anterior
64
Towards the top of the brain
Superior/Dorsal
65
Towards the back of the brain
Posterior
66
Towards the bottom of the brain
Inferior/ventral
67
Broca's Area
Responsible for speech output
Found in the frontal lobe
68
Left Hemisphere
Launguage, Math, Logic, Positive Reinforcement
69
Right Hemisphere
Music, Space, Intuition, Visual Arts, Negative Reinforcement
70
Contralateral Function
Right hemisphere controls the left body, Left hemisphere controls the right body
71
Stroke
Usually occurs in the right parietal lobe
Thus effects are seen in left body
The further down the symptoms, the more severe the stroke
Social support assists with recovery
72
Neuron
Specialized cell found throughout nervous system
100 billion neurons; 600 miles long total
73
Dendrites
Recieve info from other neurons and sensory receptors
74
Cell Body (SOMA)
Recieves info from dendrites, message passed to axon
75
Myelin Sheath
Insulates axon and speeds transmissions
Breaks down over time
76
Nodes of Ranvier
Speeds up transmissions
Gap between myselin insultation
77
Electrical and Chemical Signaling
Electrical: Action Potential
All within neurons
Chemical: Neurotransmitters
All between neurons
78
Terminal
Connects to other cell's dendrites
| No touching, synaptic gap
79
Synapse
Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite of recieving neuron
80
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters are sucked back into a terminal's vesicles (usually for excess)
81
Neurotransmitters
```
Seratonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Endorphins
```
82
Seratonin
Mood, sleep appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain regulation, impulsivity
83
Acetylcholine
Muscle action, cognitive function, memory, REM sleep, emotion
Possible relation to Alzheimers
84
Dopamine
Movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion
Too much cause Schizophrenia
Too little causes Parkinsons
85
Norepinephrine
Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress
86
Endorphins
Elevate mood, reduce pain, memory, learning
Responsible for the runner's high
87
Sensation
Process of recieving, converting, and transmitting info
88
Perception
Organize/interpret sensory input
Perceptions can be in error
Ex. Illusions
-Ambiguous Figures: figures that are 2 different images that cannot both be percieved at the same time
89
Steps of Sensation
1. Reception - Stimulus molecules attach to receptors
2. Transduction - Receptors convert the energy of a chemical reaction into action potentials
3. Coding - The spatial and temperal pattern of nerve impulses represents stimulus in a meaningful way
90
Thalamus
(Relay Station) Processes and relays neural reposnses
91
Bottom-up Processing
Stimulous becomes more complex as processed further
Processing begins with simple elements
Elements combine
92
Top-down Processing
(Conceptually driven)
Begins with active search for order
Based on previous knowledge
Searches for elements associates with that knowledge
93
Sensory Threshold
Level of energy required to activate this sense
94
Absolute Threshold
The smallest amount of energy people can percieve 50% of the time
One person can percieve 50% of the time
OR
2 people, one percieves and one doesn't
95
Difference Threshold
The smallest difference to notice a stimulous change
Can change over lifespan
Ex. Pregnancy, taste as we get older, etc.
96
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Has a small visible spectrum
97
Vision
External light falls on receptors to generate a visual message
98
Psychophysics
The study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimulo and subjective reaponses they produce
99
Retina
Layers of visual processing cella in the back of the eye
Specialized for the processing of light
Images on the retina are upside-down and reversed
100
Fovea
An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
Responsible for central vision
101
Optic Nerve
The nerve exiting the retina of the eye
102
Optic Tracts
Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
103
Depth Perception
The ability to use the 2-D image projected on the retina to percieve 3-D
104
Visual info travels...
...to the opposite hemisphere unless it's an extreme
| I.e. Leftmost vision goes to the left hemisphere
105
Trichromatic Theory
Theory that the eye contains 3 different color sensitive elements, and they mix
(Red, Green, Blue)
Perception of color is based on the response rate of these 3 cones
Evidence: Red, green, and blue light mix to form white
106
Opponent Process Theory
Color perception is based on 3 systems of opposites
Evidence: -Red, green, and blue paint mix to form gray
-Afterimages
107
Color Blindness
68% of males are colorblind
Evolutionary reasons
108
Perceptual Processes
1. Selection - choosing stimuli to be processed
2. Organization - collecting info into pattern
3. Interpretation - understanding the pattern
4. Habituation (sensory adaptation) - brain ignores environmental factors and stimuli that remain constants
109
Form Perception
Figure and background are basic organizational themes for perception
Gestalt psychologists examined good props. that make for a good figure:
- Distinct from background
- Closer to viewer
```
Figure-Ground relationship (picks up figure and background)
Closire relationship (forces a complete image)
```
Gestalt psychologists believe that we see everything at once and then select specifics that stand out
110
Monocular Cues
Can be seen with one eye
```
Linear perspective
Relative size and occlusion
Light and shadow
Texture gradient
Aerial perspective
Motion prallax
```
111
Binocular Cues
Can only be seen with both eyes
Retinal disparity
Convergence
Not developed in young children
112
Retinal Disparity
The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas
(Accounting for the ~2 inch gap between the eyes)
113
Convergence
The degree to which the eyes turn in to focus
114
Perceptual Constancy
Size Constancy - an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimuli
Shape Constancy - objects maintain shape
Color Constancy
Brightness Constancy
115
Metanalysis
Taking data from many studies, compiling it, then reanalyzing it
116
Consciousness
An organism's awareness of it's own self and surroundings
Viewed as parts along a continuum
117
Scale of awareness
High awareness Controlled processes
Middle Automatic processes
Daydreaming
Low Unconscious mind
Unconscious
118
Parts necessary, but not suffiecient for consciousness
Reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
119
Circadian Rythem
Biological changes occurring on a daily cycle
Based on hormones
Determines our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness
120
Superchiasmatic Nucleas (SCN)
Regulates our circadian rythem
Inteneral clock
Lasts for ~24hr 20min
Is a section of the hypothalamus
High plasticity
Light->SCN->lowered melatonin->awake
No light->SCN->releaae of melatonin->sleep
121
Disrupted circadian rythem symptoms
```
Mood alterations
Reduced concentration
Increased irratibility
Lapses in attention
Reduced motor skills
```
Exs. Jet lag, shift work, sleep deprevation
122
Purposes of Sleep
Repair + restoration
Recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/circadian theory: sleep eveolved to conserve energy as protection from predators/stress
123
Stages of Sleep
```
Non-REM:
Stage 1 (lightest) theta waves appear
Stage 2 (deeper) spindles appear
Stages 3 + 4 (deepest) delta waves appear
```
REM (light/paradoxical sleep)
Goes back up from 4 to 1 to reach REM
124
NREM Sleep
Lower frequency brain waves
Decreased pulse and breathing
Serves as a biological need
Needs to be met before REM
125
REM Sleep
High frequency brain waves
Increased pulse and breathing
Paralysis + dreaming
Biological need, helps consolodte memories
Lengthens over time
Doesn't need to cycle through all sleep stages the more times it's reached during sleep
126
Sleeper disorder categories
Dyssomnias - problems in amount, timing, and quality
Parasomnias - abnormal disturbances during your sleep
127
Types of dyssomnias
Insomnia - persistent problems in falling/staying asleep or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea - repeated interuption of breathing
Narcolepsy- sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
128
Types of parasomnias
Nightmares - anxiety-arousing dreams occuring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Fear vs Anxiety: with anxiety no stimulus is present
Night Terrors - abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arrousal and feelinga of panic
Usually not remembered because we go back to sleep afterwards
129
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Located posterior to the central sulcus
Receives somatosensory info
Explains the greater sensitivity in some parta of the body vs. others
130
Psychoactive Drugs
Chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception
131
Drug abuse
Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm in one's self or others
132
Addiction
Compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity
How quickly effects are felt:
Interveinious
Smoking
Snorting
Ingesting
133
Psychological Dependance
Desire or craving to achieve the effects produces by a drug
134
Physical Dependance
Bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms
135
Withdrawal
Discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs
Location can be synonymous with taking a drug
136
Drug Tolerance
Decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continued use
137
Categories of Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
138
Aggonist
A drug that mimics a neurotransmitter
139
Antagonist
A drug that blocks neurotransmitter receptors
140
Depressants
Act on the CNS to surpress bodily processes
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)
141
Factors that effect drug intensity
Body mass
Speed ingested
Full stomach
Gender
142
Stimulants
Act on the CNS to increase bodily processes
Increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
```
Caffine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
MOMA (Ecstacy)
```
143
Opiates
Acts as an analgesic or pain reliever
Most come naturally and are then refined
Treat pain by mimicking neurotransmitters
Morphine
Heroin
144
Hallucinogens
Produce perceptual distortions called hallucinations
Capable of producing false perceptions
```
Mushrooms
Mescaline
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Marijuana
LSD (Acid)
```
