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Psych 101 > Midterm 1 - Overlap/Important > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Overlap/Important Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior

A

Any observable action

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2
Q

Psychology

A

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes (the mind)

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3
Q

Purpose of multiple perspectives

A

Multiple perspectives allow for a reduced chance of error

Can observe the macro and micro

No one perspective gives us a complete answer

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4
Q

Biological Psychology

A

(Behavioral Neuroscience)

The relation between the mind and behavior

Physical mechanics + behavior

Each part of the brain has a specific function

Multiple measurment devices to reduce the chance of error
Ex: EEG (brain waves)
      EOG (eye movements)
   & EMG (facial movent)
All to determine the stage of sleep
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5
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

How behavior + physical structure have been shaped by contributions to our species’ survival and reproduction

Modern extension on functionalism

(Find examples)

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6
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Focuses on the processes of thinking, problem solving, & reasoning

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7
Q

Social Psychology

A

Began because of the Bystander Effect

Effects of the social environment on behavior
i.e. Peers, culture, family, etc.

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8
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Normal changes in behavior that occur throughout life

Experience can play a large role

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9
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Explains, defines, & treats psychological disprders

Takes individual differences into account

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10
Q

Culture

A

Practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people

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11
Q

Individual Differences

A

An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next

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12
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, & behaving

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13
Q

Research Methods

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlational
  3. Experimental
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14
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Includes case studies, surveys, & naturalistic observation

+: unobtrusive
easy to collect
minimizes artificiality

-: biases
no causality
no control over variables

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15
Q

Survey

A

Participants are asked the same question

Requires a good sample size

Form of descriptive research

+: natural setting
unobtrusive
lots of data quickly
cheap

-: self-report data (self bias)
attitudes, not behavior
extraneous variables
relies on response rate

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16
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

ANY variable that MAY affect your research in any way

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17
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Any extraneous variable you cannot control

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18
Q

Response Rate

A

% of people who actually say yes to taking your survey

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19
Q

Correlational Research

A

Statistical relationships

NO CAUSALITY

+: clarifies relationships
allows prediction

-: no cause & effect
3rd variables

3 possible outcomes: +, -, or no correlation

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20
Q

Objectivity

A

The practice of basing conclusions on facts without a bias

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21
Q

Replication

A

Repeating an experiment & producing the same results

Provides accuracy for experiments

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22
Q

Replication

A

Repeating an experiment & producing the same results

Provides accuracy for experiments

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23
Q

Case Study

A

Study of a single research participant

(Often used when large numbers of people are unavailable)

Idnetifies all behaviors so interventions can be made if necessary

Form of descriptive research

Good source of/testing ground for hypotheses

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24
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

An in-depth study of phenomena in its natural setting

A form of descriptive research

Uses large numbers of people and is unobtrusive

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25
Q

Positive, Negative, and No Correlation

A

Positive: High levels of one variable are associated with high levels of the other

Negative: “ “
“ “ low levels of the other

No Correlation: “ “ tell us nothing about the other

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26
Q

Experimental Research

A

Uses an independent variable in an experiment

An experimemt must have: 1. An independent variable
2. Random Assignment

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27
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable controlled & manipulated by the experimenter

The A in If A, then…

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28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

A measure that demonstrates the effects of an IV

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29
Q

Control Group

A

A group that receives all experimental procedures except the IV

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30
Q

Experimental Group

A

A group that is exposed to the IV

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31
Q

Random Assignment

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group

Prevents individual differences from masking/distorting the IV

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32
Q

Operationalization

A

Defining variables in practical terms

(With methods that often exclude human error; ex. UCSD mirror study)

Measures the DV

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33
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is recieving a placebo

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34
Q

Third Variable

A

A variable that is responsible for a CORRELATION observed between 2 other variables of interest

“SES” is often a third variable

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35
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A standard for deciding whether an observed result is because of chance

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36
Q

Latency

A

Amount of time between point A and point B

Humans are bad judges of this

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37
Q

Cover Story

A

A lie about an experiment’s topic

Typically used in social psychology studies

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38
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

When a participant realizes the hypothesis and changes to appeal to it

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39
Q

Field Study (correlational)

A

Requires two behaviors

+: realistic
lots of data
finds relationships

-: no causality
little control

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40
Q

Experimental (lab)

A

+: precise control
identifies cause and effect

-: cannot control mood
    ethical concerns
    practical limitations 
    artificiality
    biases
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41
Q

Generalizability

A

Do the findings apply to different situations/populations?

Are all variables accounted for?

Are all alternative explanations ruled out?

Lab studies are poor/too dissimilar compared to field settings

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42
Q

Field Setting

A

Where phenomenon of interest naturally occurs

Generalization

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43
Q

Lab Setting

A

Artificial, where the phenomenon must be created

Control

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44
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light sensitive cells found within the retina

125mil per eye

Rods and Cones

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45
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to light under low-light conditions

Almost all are round along the retina

Not in color

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46
Q

Cones

A

Sensitive to color

Almost all found in the fovea

Not active in low light

Allow for fine detail

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47
Q

Visual Pathways

A

Optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> Thalamus –> Ocipital Lobe

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48
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

Controls the body’s voluntary muscles

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49
Q

Cordical Magnification

A

More energy is taken up by areas we use more

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50
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Involved in touch sensation and spacial relationships

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51
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Involved in visual perception and processing

Houses the Primary Visual Cortex

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52
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in understanding, language, speech, etc.

Houses Wernickies Area and the Primary Auditory Cortex

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53
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in movement, planning, thinking, and personality

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54
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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55
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Carries info into action

Sensory info carried to the brain

Responds with motor output

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56
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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57
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Convey senses in and motor out (to the CNS)

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58
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Basic life function

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervously System

59
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Only lasts a short period of time

Pupils dilate

Salvation decreases

Heart accelerates

Sweating increases

Lungs dilate

Digestion and elemination decrease

Sexual Climax

60
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Opposite syndromes of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Sexual Arrousal

61
Q

Brain Stem

A

Responsible for automatic survival functions

62
Q

How to determine intellegence

A

Brain size, number of folds (convultions/sulci), and proportion to the body

63
Q

Toward the front of the brain

A

Anterior

64
Q

Towards the top of the brain

A

Superior/Dorsal

65
Q

Towards the back of the brain

A

Posterior

66
Q

Towards the bottom of the brain

A

Inferior/ventral

67
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Responsible for speech output

Found in the frontal lobe

68
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Launguage, Math, Logic, Positive Reinforcement

69
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Music, Space, Intuition, Visual Arts, Negative Reinforcement

70
Q

Contralateral Function

A

Right hemisphere controls the left body, Left hemisphere controls the right body

71
Q

Stroke

A

Usually occurs in the right parietal lobe

Thus effects are seen in left body

The further down the symptoms, the more severe the stroke

Social support assists with recovery

72
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell found throughout nervous system

100 billion neurons; 600 miles long total

73
Q

Dendrites

A

Recieve info from other neurons and sensory receptors

74
Q

Cell Body (SOMA)

A

Recieves info from dendrites, message passed to axon

75
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates axon and speeds transmissions

Breaks down over time

76
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Speeds up transmissions

Gap between myselin insultation

77
Q

Electrical and Chemical Signaling

A

Electrical: Action Potential
All within neurons

Chemical: Neurotransmitters
All between neurons

78
Q

Terminal

A

Connects to other cell’s dendrites

No touching, synaptic gap

79
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite of recieving neuron

80
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are sucked back into a terminal’s vesicles (usually for excess)

81
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
Seratonin
Acetylcholine 
Dopamine 
Norepinephrine 
Endorphins
82
Q

Seratonin

A

Mood, sleep appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain regulation, impulsivity

83
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle action, cognitive function, memory, REM sleep, emotion

Possible relation to Alzheimers

84
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion

Too much cause Schizophrenia

Too little causes Parkinsons

85
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress

86
Q

Endorphins

A

Elevate mood, reduce pain, memory, learning

Responsible for the runner’s high

87
Q

Sensation

A

Process of recieving, converting, and transmitting info

88
Q

Perception

A

Organize/interpret sensory input

Perceptions can be in error
Ex. Illusions
-Ambiguous Figures: figures that are 2 different images that cannot both be percieved at the same time

89
Q

Steps of Sensation

A
  1. Reception - Stimulus molecules attach to receptors
  2. Transduction - Receptors convert the energy of a chemical reaction into action potentials
  3. Coding - The spatial and temperal pattern of nerve impulses represents stimulus in a meaningful way
90
Q

Thalamus

A

(Relay Station) Processes and relays neural reposnses

91
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Stimulous becomes more complex as processed further

Processing begins with simple elements

Elements combine

92
Q

Top-down Processing

A

(Conceptually driven)

Begins with active search for order

Based on previous knowledge

Searches for elements associates with that knowledge

93
Q

Sensory Threshold

A

Level of energy required to activate this sense

94
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest amount of energy people can percieve 50% of the time

One person can percieve 50% of the time
OR
2 people, one percieves and one doesn’t

95
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest difference to notice a stimulous change

Can change over lifespan
Ex. Pregnancy, taste as we get older, etc.

96
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Has a small visible spectrum

97
Q

Vision

A

External light falls on receptors to generate a visual message

98
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimulo and subjective reaponses they produce

99
Q

Retina

A

Layers of visual processing cella in the back of the eye

Specialized for the processing of light

Images on the retina are upside-down and reversed

100
Q

Fovea

A

An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision

Responsible for central vision

101
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerve exiting the retina of the eye

102
Q

Optic Tracts

A

Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain

103
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to use the 2-D image projected on the retina to percieve 3-D

104
Q

Visual info travels…

A

…to the opposite hemisphere unless it’s an extreme

I.e. Leftmost vision goes to the left hemisphere

105
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Theory that the eye contains 3 different color sensitive elements, and they mix
(Red, Green, Blue)

Perception of color is based on the response rate of these 3 cones

Evidence: Red, green, and blue light mix to form white

106
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Color perception is based on 3 systems of opposites

Evidence: -Red, green, and blue paint mix to form gray
-Afterimages

107
Q

Color Blindness

A

68% of males are colorblind

Evolutionary reasons

108
Q

Perceptual Processes

A
  1. Selection - choosing stimuli to be processed
  2. Organization - collecting info into pattern
  3. Interpretation - understanding the pattern
  4. Habituation (sensory adaptation) - brain ignores environmental factors and stimuli that remain constants
109
Q

Form Perception

A

Figure and background are basic organizational themes for perception

Gestalt psychologists examined good props. that make for a good figure:

  • Distinct from background
  • Closer to viewer
Figure-Ground relationship (picks up figure and background)
Closire relationship (forces a complete image)

Gestalt psychologists believe that we see everything at once and then select specifics that stand out

110
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Can be seen with one eye

Linear perspective
Relative size and occlusion
Light and shadow
Texture gradient
Aerial perspective
Motion prallax
111
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Can only be seen with both eyes

Retinal disparity
Convergence

Not developed in young children

112
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas
(Accounting for the ~2 inch gap between the eyes)

113
Q

Convergence

A

The degree to which the eyes turn in to focus

114
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Size Constancy - an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimuli

Shape Constancy - objects maintain shape

Color Constancy

Brightness Constancy

115
Q

Metanalysis

A

Taking data from many studies, compiling it, then reanalyzing it

116
Q

Consciousness

A

An organism’s awareness of it’s own self and surroundings

Viewed as parts along a continuum

117
Q

Scale of awareness

A

High awareness Controlled processes

Middle Automatic processes
Daydreaming

Low Unconscious mind
Unconscious

118
Q

Parts necessary, but not suffiecient for consciousness

A

Reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex

119
Q

Circadian Rythem

A

Biological changes occurring on a daily cycle

Based on hormones
Determines our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness

120
Q

Superchiasmatic Nucleas (SCN)

A

Regulates our circadian rythem

Inteneral clock
Lasts for ~24hr 20min
Is a section of the hypothalamus
High plasticity

Light->SCN->lowered melatonin->awake
No light->SCN->releaae of melatonin->sleep

121
Q

Disrupted circadian rythem symptoms

A 
Mood alterations
Reduced concentration
Increased irratibility
Lapses in attention
Reduced motor skills

Exs. Jet lag, shift work, sleep deprevation

122
Q

Purposes of Sleep

A

Repair + restoration
Recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/circadian theory: sleep eveolved to conserve energy as protection from predators/stress

123
Q

Stages of Sleep

A 
Non-REM:
Stage 1 (lightest) theta waves appear
Stage 2 (deeper) spindles appear
Stages 3 + 4 (deepest) delta waves appear

REM (light/paradoxical sleep)
Goes back up from 4 to 1 to reach REM

124
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Lower frequency brain waves
Decreased pulse and breathing
Serves as a biological need
Needs to be met before REM

125
Q

REM Sleep

A

High frequency brain waves
Increased pulse and breathing
Paralysis + dreaming
Biological need, helps consolodte memories
Lengthens over time
Doesn’t need to cycle through all sleep stages the more times it’s reached during sleep

126
Q

Sleeper disorder categories

A

Dyssomnias - problems in amount, timing, and quality

Parasomnias - abnormal disturbances during your sleep

127
Q

Types of dyssomnias

A

Insomnia - persistent problems in falling/staying asleep or awakening too early

Sleep Apnea - repeated interuption of breathing

Narcolepsy- sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours

128
Q

Types of parasomnias

A

Nightmares - anxiety-arousing dreams occuring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Fear vs Anxiety: with anxiety no stimulus is present

Night Terrors - abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arrousal and feelinga of panic
Usually not remembered because we go back to sleep afterwards

129
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Located posterior to the central sulcus

Receives somatosensory info

Explains the greater sensitivity in some parta of the body vs. others

130
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception

131
Q

Drug abuse

A

Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm in one’s self or others

132
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity

How quickly effects are felt:

Interveinious
Smoking
Snorting
Ingesting

133
Q

Psychological Dependance

A

Desire or craving to achieve the effects produces by a drug

134
Q

Physical Dependance

A

Bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms

135
Q

Withdrawal

A

Discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs

Location can be synonymous with taking a drug

136
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continued use

137
Q

Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens

138
Q

Aggonist

A

A drug that mimics a neurotransmitter

139
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that blocks neurotransmitter receptors

140
Q

Depressants

A

Act on the CNS to surpress bodily processes

Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)

141
Q

Factors that effect drug intensity

A

Body mass
Speed ingested
Full stomach
Gender

142
Q

Stimulants

A

Act on the CNS to increase bodily processes
Increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time

Caffine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
MOMA (Ecstacy)
143
Q

Opiates

A

Acts as an analgesic or pain reliever
Most come naturally and are then refined
Treat pain by mimicking neurotransmitters

Morphine
Heroin

144
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Produce perceptual distortions called hallucinations
Capable of producing false perceptions

Mushrooms
Mescaline
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Marijuana
LSD (Acid)

Psych 101 (5 decks)

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