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Biochemistry- 1 > Midterm 1: Nutrients (proteins, carbs, lipids) > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Nutrients (proteins, carbs, lipids) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 functions of proteins:

A 
antibody
enzyme
messenger
receptor
structural component
transport/storage
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2
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins that bind to foreign particles (like viruses and bacteria); help protect the body (EX: IgG)

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3
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that carry out chemical reactions that take place in cells (ex: ATPase)

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4
Q

What are messenger proteins?

A

proteins that transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs (ex: Growth factor hormone)

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5
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

proteins that bind to messengers (ex: G-coupled protein receptor)

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6
Q

What are structural components of proteins?

A

proteins that provide structure and support to cells–also allow the body to move (ex: collagen)

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7
Q

What are transport/storage proteins?

A

bind and carry atoms/small molecules within cells and throughout the body (ex: hemoglobin)

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8
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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10
Q

What does EVERY protein contain?

A 
a hydrogen
amino functional group
carboxyl functional group
R group (side chain)
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11
Q

What determines the chemical behavior of a molecule?

A

the reactive part of the molecule

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12
Q

What type of reactions have to occur to form long peptide/polypeptide chains?

A

condensation (loss of a molecule when two come together)/dehydration (subset- loss of a water molecule) reactions

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13
Q

Name the type of bonds that form between the carboxyl group and the amino group (of amino acids):

A

peptide bond

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14
Q

T/F a peptide bond is covalent.

A

True

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15
Q

N-terminus
C-terminus
What do these terms mean?

A

N–amino terminus

C–carboxyl terminus

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16
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

break the peptide bond and ADD water

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17
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

create a peptide bond and LOSE water

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18
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

peptide bonds between amino acids–has a structural backbone with R groups extending from it–has directionality bc of the N and C-terminus

*just a sequence of amino acids linked by the peptide bonds

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19
Q

Name the type of bonds that form between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen of the polypeptide backbone.

A

hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

What are two common structures that occur in secondary structures?

A

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (antiparallel configuration)

*just interactions between the backbones of that cause folding (the hydrogen bonds stabilize these structures)

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21
Q

What are tertiary structures?

A

interactions between R-groups of the polypeptide chains (3D shape)

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22
Q

What type of interactions happen between R-groups of polypeptide chains in tertiary structures?

A 
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
van der waals interactions
hydrophobic interactions
disulfide bridges (in extracellular space)
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23
Q

What are Quaternary structures?

A

Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains.

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24
Q

What type if interactions are seen with Quaternary structures?

A

hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
van der waals interactions
hydrophobic interactions

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25
Q

What is the name of
2 polypeptides?
4 polypeptides?

A

2 subunits= Dimer
4 subunits= Tetramer

*Quaternary structures

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26
Q

Name the two groups that tertiary/quaternary structures are grouped into.

A

Fibrous and Globular

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27
Q

What are proteins?

A

one or more polypeptides

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28
Q

Describe fibrous proteins.

A

elongated structures
insoluble in water
have structural roles
EX: collagen and elastin

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29
Q

Describe Globular proteins.

A

compact/spherical
surface IS water soluble/interior is insoluble
roles other than structural
EX: immunoglobulin, ATPase, Hemoglobin, enzymes

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30
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

provide the body with energy (ATP!!)

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31
Q

Explain the path of carbohydrates after ingesting them?

A

Carbs–> Glucose–> enters blood–> taken up into cells–> used to produce ATP

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32
Q

Name 3 of the functions of Carbs?

A

Provide the body with energy
Store energy
Promote good digestive health

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33
Q

What is the name of the storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

Indigestible carbs

A

DIETARY FIBER

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35
Q

What are some benefits of dietary fiber?

A

creates soft, bulky stool that moves easily through large intestine
helps delay absorption of other carbs–>helping prevent spikes in blood glucose levels

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36
Q

Name of the smaller units of carbs.

A

monosaccharides

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37
Q

What are the three components of monosaccharides?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

*one carbonyl group (R-C=O) and the remaining carbons each bear a hydroxyl (R-O-H) group

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38
Q 
Name the different monosaccharides based on the different number of carbons:
3
4
5
6
A

3- triose
4- tetrose
5- pentose
6- hexose

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39
Q

What are the two carb names when the carbonyl group location varies?

A

Aldose

Ketose

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40
Q

Can hydroxyl group location vary?

A

YES

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41
Q

What reactions must occur to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and monosaccharides?

A

Condensation Reactions (a water molecule is created (lost) during a glycosidic bond)

*Glycosidic bond (covalent bond) forms between a hydroxyl group of one molecule and the anomeric carbon carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon (the ketone or aldehyde functional group) of another

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42
Q

What type of structures do carbs form in an aqueous solution (chain, ring, etc.)?

A

ring structures

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43
Q

Name what consist of 2 monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

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44
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

45
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

46
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

47
Q

Name what consist of 3-12 monosaccharides.

A

Oligosaccharides

48
Q

What are two examples of Oligosaccharides.

A

Immunoglobulin (in association with protein) and mucin

49
Q

Where are Oligosaccharides primary located when covalently bonded to proteins?

A

on the surface of cells or in the ECM

50
Q

Name what consist of greater than 12 monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharides

51
Q

Name some examples of polysaccharides.

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, glycosaminoglycan

52
Q

Glycogen is compose of…

A

Composed of α-glucose monomers WITH extensive branching

53
Q

Where is glycogen located?

A

Liver and Muscle

54
Q

Starch is composed of…

A

Composed of α-glucose monomers with OR without branching

55
Q

Name of branched starch.

A

amylose

56
Q

Name of unbranched starch.

A

amylopectin

57
Q

Storage form of glucose in animals

A

glucose

58
Q

Storage form of glucose in plants

A

starch

59
Q

Cellulose is composed of…

A

Composed of β-glucose monomers with NO branching

60
Q

Can humans digest cellulose? Why?

A

No, because we have a lack of enzymes that are required to break down β-glucose linkages

61
Q

what contributes to the formation of dietary fiber?

A

cellulose

62
Q

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of…

A

Composed of repeating disaccharide units (amino sugar and uronic acid or galactose) without branching

63
Q

Name the 5 GAGs

A 
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Heparan sulfate 
Hyaluronate
64
Q

Name the most abundant GAG

A

Chondroitin sulfate

65
Q

Name the only GAG that is NOT sulfated

A

Hyaluronate

66
Q

What type of charge do GAGs have?

A

highly negatively charges

67
Q

What does the - charge do for GAGs?

A

attracts water

high lubricant/shock absorber due to high viscosity and low compressibility

68
Q

Where are GAGs located?

A

on the surface of cells or in the ECM

69
Q

T/F GAGs are linked to Core Protein (forming proteoglycans)

A

TRUE (exception: hyaluronate)

70
Q

What is the main role of lipids?

A

reserve supply of energy (during periods of low food consumption–TAG can be broken down to produce energy)

71
Q

Fatty Acids: function?

A

precursor to triglycerides; source of energy

72
Q

Triglycerides: function?

A

energy storage; thermal insulator; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs

73
Q

Phospholipids: function?

A

structural component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestion

74
Q

Steroid hormones: function?

A

chemical messengers

75
Q

Sphingolipids: function?

A

structural component (esp nerve cells); chemical messengers

76
Q

Cholesterol (steroid): function?

A

component of cell membrane; precursor of other steroids

77
Q

bile salts (steroid): function?

A

aid in digestion and nutrient absorption

78
Q

fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K): function?

A

blood clotting, wound healing, vision, calcium absorption

79
Q

Eicosanoids: function?

A

chemical messengers

80
Q

Are lipids mostly hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

HYDROPHOBIC (mainly C, H, and some O)

81
Q

How are lipids classified?

A

based on structure!

82
Q

Name the three classification groups of lipids.

A 
Simple lipids (esters of fatty acids)
Complex lipids (esters + additional groups)
Derived lipids (derived from hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids)
83
Q

Name a simple lipid

A

triglycerides

84
Q

Name 2 complex lipids

A

phospholipids

sphingolipids

85
Q

Name 3 derived lipids

A

steroids (bile salts, steroid hormones, sterols)
Isoprenoids (vitamins: A, E, K, etc..)
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotienes, thromboxanes)

86
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; even # of carbons (10-30)

87
Q

Describe the difference between single and double bonds within a hydrocarbon chain:

A

Single bonds: SATURATED (with -H); linear

Double bonds: UNSATURATED (with less -H); bent

88
Q

Describe Saturated fatty acid at room temp.

A

SOLID

89
Q

Describe Unsaturated fatty acid at room temp.

A

LIQUID

90
Q

What is the difference between a cis and trans unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Cis: 2-H’s attached to C=C on the SAME side (most naturally occurring)
Trans: 2-H’s attached to C=C on OPPOSITE sides

91
Q

Why are trans fatty acids not recognized as “safe” by the FDA?

A

bc they are created in industrial processing by adding H to make the liquid more solid–thus making the hydrocarbon chain straight rather than bent

it increased individuals risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke
7,000-20,000 deaths could be eliminated per year by eliminating these from our diets

92
Q

What is an ‘ester’ of a fatty acid?

A

Alcohol + fatty acid

93
Q

Define alcohol (in terms of an ester lol)

A

contains hydroxyl groups attached to carbon

94
Q

Name 2 examples of alcohols

A

glycerol and sphingosine

95
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol (alcohol)

storage form of fatty acids

96
Q

What makes up a phospholipid (complex lipid)?

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol (alcohol) + phosphate + 1 polar group

Polar groups: ethanolamine, choline, serine, inositol

97
Q

What makes up sphingolipids (complex lipid)?

A

fatty acid + sphingosine (alcohol) + 1 head group

Head groups: hydrogen (ceraminde), phosphocholine (sphingomyelin), sugar (glycolipid; 1 sugar- cerebroside, > 1 sugar- ganglioside)

98
Q

Derived lipids posses the characteristics of:

A

lipids (hydrophobicity)

99
Q

Name 3 derived lipids:

A

Steroids, isoprenoids, and eicosanoids

100
Q

What makes up a steroid?

A

Steroid core + Side Chain

Steroid core (4 fused rings)
Side chains make them unique

ex: sterols, steroid hormones, bile salts

101
Q

What is the side chain of a sterol?

A

Hydroxyl

102
Q

Name the most common sterol.

A

cholesterol

103
Q

What is the most common steroid and what is it a precursor to?

A

Cholesterol and it is a precursor to bile salts and steroid hormones

104
Q

Name some of the steroid hormones:

A 
Mineralocorticoids (corticosterone; aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Progesterone
Testosterone
Estrogen
Vitamin D
105
Q

Are isoprenoids saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

106
Q

What is an example of an isoprenoid?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

107
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

arachidonic acid

108
Q

What are some examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

Biochemistry- 1 (6 decks)

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