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Biochemistry- 1 > Midterm 1: Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of (the fluid arrangement)?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model- Phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins (PCCP)

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2
Q

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

A

Selective Permeable

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3
Q

What easily enters the cell membrane WITHOUT help?

A

Fat-soluble, small, uncharged molecules

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4
Q

What needs facilitated diffusion/help to move across the cell membrane?

A

Large, uncharged, water-soluble molecules and charged molecules

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5
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol?

A

Amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophillic)

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6
Q

Name the two functions of cholesterol in the cell membrane.

A

Reduce cell membrane: fluidity and permeability

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7
Q

Name two different types of proteins:

A

Integral (intrinsic) and Peripheral (extrinsic)

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8
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

have at least one HYDROPHOBIC region that anchors them to the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

What are Peripheral proteins?

A

Associate with one surface of the cell membrane, attached to integral proteins OR the hydrophillic head

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10
Q

What are Transmembrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins that span the entire width of the membrane

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11
Q

Name the 6 functions of the cell membrane.

A 
JETRAT:
Junctions
Enzymes
Transport
Recognition
Anchorage
Transduction
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12
Q

Where are carbohydrates located?

A

attached to proteins (glycoproteins) and fats (glycolipids)

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13
Q

What are the 3 functions of carbohydrates?

A

Cushioning and protections for the cell membrane

JR: Junction and Recognition

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14
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

Storage facility for genetic information (DNA)

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15
Q

Describe the process of DNA synthesis.

A

DNA–> mRNA (transcription)

mRNA–> protein (translation)

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16
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

Describe the two layers of the nucleus’s lipid bilayer.

A

inner lipid bilayer: nuclear lamina

outer lipid bilayer: continuous with the ER

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19
Q

What is the role of nuclear lamina?

A

inner lipid bilayer of the nucleus that is lined with protein and organizes DNA

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20
Q

What are the holes perforating the nuclear envelope called?

A

Nuclear pores–lined with protein

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21
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores?

A

they are lined with proteins that control what enter and exit the nucleus

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22
Q

What is the semimatrix fluid that is found inside the nucleus called?

A

nucleoplasm

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23
Q

What is found within nucleoplasm?

A

Chromatin and the Nucleolus

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24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and protein

25
Q

What occurs within the nucleolus?

A

protein synthesis and rRNA synthesis

26
Q

Where is cytoplasm located?

A

between the cell membrane and the nucleus

27
Q

What 3 things are contained within the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles

28
Q

What occurs in cytosol?

A

metabolic pathways: Glycolosis, glucogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and fatty acid synthesis

29
Q

What is contained within cytoskeleton?

A

fibrous proteins: actin, microtubles, and intermediate filaments

30
Q

What is the role of cytosol?

A

aqueous gel-like component of the cytoplasm where organelles (ions, small molecules, and macromolecules) are suspended

31
Q

What is the role of cytoskeleton?

A

Structure and support inside the cell:

  • anchors the cell
  • aids in cell motility
  • helps materials inside the cell move
32
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

proteins and rRNA

33
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesized?

A

nucleolus

34
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis? (translation)

A

ribosomes

35
Q

Where are they found?

A

free (in cytosol) or bound (attached to ROUGH ER)

36
Q

What is the ER made of?

A

Lipid bilayer membrane–tubules and cisternae (flattened sacs) [lumen/cisternal space within tubules and sacs are fluid filled]

37
Q

What is the Smooth ER responsible for?

A

LIPID processing
converts fat soluble toxins into h2o soluble substances
sequesters Ca2+ from cytosol

38
Q

What is the Rough ER responsible for?

A

PROTEIN processing

transports proteins to Golgi bodies

39
Q

What are Golgi apparatus made of?

A

cisternae; membrane is lipid bilayer

40
Q

What is the Golgi’s job?

A

modify proteins received by the rough ER

41
Q

What is the difference between Cis and Trans of Golgi?

A

Cis- receiving side

Trans- shipping side

42
Q

Mitochondria are composed of what 3 things?

A

circular DNA
double membrane
mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

What is the double membrane?

A

inner lipid bilayer–contains cristae (the deep folds)

outer lipid bilayer–define’s organelles surface

44
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

fluid-filled space in the inner membrane

45
Q

What is circular DNA?

A

can synthesize rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

46
Q

What metabolic activities occur in mitochondria?

A

Krebs cycle/ETC

Fatty acid oxidation

47
Q

What other role does mitochondria play?

A

apoptosis- programmed cell death

48
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

surrounded by a lipid membrane

site of intracellular digestion

49
Q

Approx. PH of lysosomes?

A

5

50
Q

What reactions are peroxisomes involved in?

A

fatty acid oxidation
neutralize free radicals
myelin synthesis
cholesterol synthesis

51
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

3D network of macromolecules– OUTSIDE the cell

52
Q

What is the most significant enzyme in the ECM?

A

matrix metalloproteinases

53
Q

What are the 2 classes of macromolecules in the ECM?

A

fibrous proteins

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

54
Q

Name the components of fibrous proteins?

A

structural (collagen and elastin)

adhesive (fibronectin and laminin)

55
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units–> most are linked to a specific core protein, forming proteogycans

56
Q

What fills the space of the EMC in the form of a hydrated gel?

A

GAGs

57
Q

What happens to the components of macromolecules?

A

they are synthesized intracellulary and then transported extracellulary via Exocytosis

58
Q

What are the 4 functions of the ECM?

A

Cell structure and support
Anchor the cell in place
cell binding–forming tissues
regulates cellular functions (adhesion, growth, migration, differentiation)

59
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Large, complex molecules that do MOST of the work within the cell

Biochemistry- 1 (6 decks)

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