Midterm 1- Lesson 1-2

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

The nervous system is a complex network of interconnected fibers. It consists of the central nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, namely the rest of the nerves in the body.

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system and it’s two main components

Answer 2

a. The somatic (or voluntary) nervous system connects nerve fibers to voluntary muscles and provides the brain with feedback in the form of sensory information about voluntary movement.
b. The autonomic (or involuntary) nervous system connects the central nervous system with all internal organs over which people do not customarily have control. This system can be divided into two distinct subsystems:
i. The sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body to respond to emergencies; to strong emotions, such as anger and fear, and to strenuous activity.
ii. The parasympathetic nervous system controls the activities of organs under normal circumstances and helps restore the body to a normal state.

Question 3

Two parts of the central nervous system

Answer 3

1. ) brain

2. ) spinal cord

Question 4

Three sections of the brain

Answer 4

1. ) Hindbrain
2. ) Midbrain
3. ) Forebrain

Question 5

Hindbrain and its three structures

Answer 5

• Medulla: located just above the point where the spinal cord enters the skull; heavily responsible for the regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
• Pons: serves as a link between the hindbrain and the midbrain and also helps regulate respiration and arousal.
• Cerebellum: coordinates voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture.

Question 6

Midbrain

Answer 6

the major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between the forebrain and the hindbrain. It is also responsible for the coordination of visual and auditory reflexes. The midbrain contains the tectum and tegmentum, which are major pathways for sensory information and motor impulses as well as the reward pathway.

Question 7

Forebrain’s 5 structures

Answer 7

1. ) Thalamus
2. ) Hypothalumus
3. ) The limbic system
4. ) The basal ganglia
5. ) The cerebral cortex

Question 8

Thalamus

Answer 8

involved in the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.

Question 9

Hypothalumus

Answer 9

helps regulate the centers in the medulla that control cardiac functioning, blood pressure, and respiration. It is also responsible for regulating basic drives, including hunger, thirst, sexual desire, and sleep.

Question 10

The limbic system

Answer 10

borders the midline of the brain, plays an important role in stress and emotional responses. The amygdale and the hippocampus are involved in the detection of threat and emotionally charged memories, respectively.

Question 11

Basal ganglia

Answer 11

help make muscle contractions orderly, smooth and purposeful.

Question 12

Cerebral cortex

Answer 12

the largest portion of the brain and is involved in higher order intelligence, memory, and personality. The sensory impulses that come from the peripheral areas of the body, up the spinal cord, and through the hindbrain and midbrain are received and interpreted in the cerebral cortex. In addition to its role in associative memory, each lobe is generally linked to particular functions.

Question 13

Cerebral cortex- frontal lobe

Answer 13

contains the motor cortex, which coordinates voluntary movement. The left part of the motor cortex controls activities of the voluntary muscles on the right side of the body, while the right part of the motor cortex controls voluntary activities on the left side of the body

Question 14

Cerebral cortex- Parietal Lobe

Answer 14

contains the somatosensory cortex, in which sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure are registered and interpreted.

Question 15

Cerebral cortex- Temporal lobe

Answer 15

contains the cortical areas responsible for auditory and olfactory (smell) impulses.

Question 16

Cerebral cortex- Occipital lobe

Answer 16

contains the visual cortex, which receives visual impulses

Question 17

Discuss the effects that the release of catecholamines can have on the body.

Answer 17

The release of catecholamines prompts a variety of important bodily changes. Heart rate increases, the heart’s capillaries dilate, and blood vessels constrict, increasing blood pressure. Blood is diverted into muscle tissue. Respiration rate goes up, and the amount of air flowing into the lungs is increased. Digestion and urination are generally decreased. The pupils of the eyes dilate, and sweat glands are stimulated to produce more sweat.

Question 18

Epilepsy

Answer 18

a disease of the central nervous system affecting more than 3 million people in the United States. It is often idiopathic, which means that no specific cause for the symptoms can be identified. Symptomatic epilepsy may be traced to injury during birth; severe injury to the head, infectious disease, or metabolic or nutritional disorders. Epilepsy is marked by seizures, which range from barely noticeable staring or purposeless motor movements to violent convulsions accompanied by irregular breathing, drooling, and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy cannot be cured, but it can often be successfully controlled through medication and behavioral interventions.

Question 19

Cerebral palsy

Answer 19

chronic, non-progressive disorder marked by lack of muscle control. It stems from brain damage caused by an interruption in the brain’s oxygen supply, usually during childbirth. In older children, a severe accident or physical abuse can produce the condition. Sufferers may also have seizures, spasms, mental retardation, difficulties of sensation and perception, and problems with sight, hearing, or speech

Question 20

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 20

marked by progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, the group of nuclei that controls smooth motor coordination. The result of this deterioration is tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. Although the cause of Parkinson’s disease is not fully known, depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be involved. Patients may be treated with medication, but massive doses, which can cause undesirable effects, are often required for control of the symptoms.

Question 21

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 21

degenerative disease of certain brain tissues can cause paralysis and, occasionally, blindness, deafness, and mental deterioration. Early symptoms include numbness, double vision, dragging of the feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, speech difficulties, and extreme fatigue. The effects of the disorder result from the disintegration of myelin, a fatty membrane that surrounds the nerve fibers and facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, so-called because the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue and attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerves.

Question 22

Huntington’s disease

Answer 22

a hereditary disorder of the central nervous system, and characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration. Symptoms include involuntary muscle spasms, loss of motor abilities, personality changes, and other signs of mental disintegration. Because some of the symptoms are similar to those of epilepsy, Huntington’s disease is sometimes mistaken for epilepsy.

Question 23

Polio or (poliomyelitis)

Answer 23

viral disease that attacks the spinal nerves and destroys the cell bodies of motor neurons so that motor impulses cannot be carried from the spinal cord outward to the peripheral nerves or muscles. Depending on the degree of damage that is done, the individual may be left with difficulties of walking and moving properly, ranging from shrunken and ineffective limbs to full paralysis.

Question 24

Two types of paralysis

Answer 24

Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities of the body; which results from an injury to the lower portion of the spinal cord. Quadriplegia is paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk of the body; it occurs when the upper portion of the spinal cord is severed. Once the spinal cord has been severed, no motor impulses can descend to tissues below that cut nor can sensory impulses from the tissues below the cut ascend to the brain. As a consequence, a person usually loses bladder and bowel control. Moreover, the muscles below the cut area may well lose their tone, becoming weak and flaccid.

Question 25

Identify the function of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

Answer 25

The posterior pituitary lobe produces oxytocin, which controls contractions during labor and lactation and may be involved in social affiliation, and vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which controls the water-absorbing ability of the kidneys, among other functions

The anterior pituitary lobe secretes hormones responsible for growth: somatotropic hormone (STH), which regulates bone, muscle, and other organ development; gonadotropic hormones, which control the growth, development, and secretion of the gonads (testes and ovaries); thyrotropic hormone (TSH), which controls the growth, development, and secretion of the thyroid gland; and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which controls the growth and secretions of the cortex region of the adrenal glands.

Question 26

Distinguish between Type I and Type II Diabetes.

Answer 26

Type I Diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, possibly precipitated by an early viral infection, and typically arises in late childhood or early adolescence. The immune system falsely identifies cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas as invaders and destroys those cells, compromising or eliminating their ability to produce insulin.
Type II Diabetes typically occurs after age 40 and is the more common form. Insulin may be produced by the body but there may not be enough of it or the body may not be sensitive to it. It is primarily a disease of lifestyle, involving a disturbance in glucose metabolism and the delicate balance between insulin production and insulin responsiveness. This balance appears to be affected adversely by a number of factors that include obesity and stress.

Question 27

nervous system

Answer 27

The system of the body responsible for the transmission of information from the brain to the rest of the body and from the rest of the body to the brain; it is composed of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of the remainder of the nerves in the body).

Question 28

sympathetic nervous system-

Answer 28

The part of the nervous system that mobilizes the body for action

Question 29

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

The part of the nervous system responsible for vegetative functions, the conservation of energy, and the damping down of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

medulla

Answer 30

The part of the hindbrain the controls autonomic functions such as regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Question 31

pons

Answer 31

The part of the hindbrain that links the hindbrain to the midbrain and helps control respiration

Question 32

cerebellum

Answer 32

The part of the hindbrain responsible for the coordination of voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and balance

Question 33

thalamus

Answer 33

The portion of the forebrain responsible for the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Question 34

hypothalamus

Answer 34

The part of the forebrain responsible for regulating water balance and controlling hunger and sexual desire; assists in cardiac functioning, blood pressure regulation, and respiration regulation; has a major role in regulation of the endocrine system, which controls the release of hormones, including those related to stress

Question 35

cerebral cortex

Answer 35

The main portion of the brain, responsible for intelligence, memory, and the detection and interpretation of sensation

Question 36

neurotransmitters

Answer 36

Chemical that regulate nervous system functioning

Question 37

catecholamines

Answer 37

The neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine that promote sympathetic nervous system activity; released in substantial quantities during stressful times

Question 38

endocrine system

Answer 38

A bodily system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood to stimulate target organs; interacts with nervous system functioning

Question 39

pituitary gland

Answer 39

A gland located at the base of and controlled by the brain that secretes the hormones responsible for growth and organ development

Question 40

adrenal glands

Answer 40

Two small glands, located on top of the kidneys, that are part of the endocrine system and secret several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in responses to stress