Midterm 1- Lesson 1-18 Flashcards
Identify the main advantages of nicotine patches over nicotine gum.
Nicotine patches release nicotine in steady doses into the bloodstream. Because of this, patches produce better rates of compliance. Also, smokers do not like chewing nicotine gum, in part because nicotine is absorbed rather slowly through this method.
Describe the focus of relapse prevention programs.
Relapse prevention programs often begin by preparing people for the management of withdrawal, including cardiovascular changes, increases in appetite, and variations in the urge to smoke. In addition, these programs focus on high-risk situations that lead to a craving for cigarettes, such as drinking coffee or alcohol. They may also encourage new ways to deal with stress, such as the use of social support and various forms of relaxation training.
Compare the factors that predict short-term and long-term maintenance.
Short-term maintenance is predicted by the ability to find alternative ways to deal with stress and by the level of social support one has for quitting. Long-term maintenance is predicted primarily by self-efficacy.
List the characteristics of smokers who are most likely to relapse.
The smokers who are most susceptible to relapse tend to be young and have: a high degree of nicotine dependence; a low sense of self-efficacy; greater concern about gaining weight after stopping smoking; more previous attempts at quitting; and more occasions when they relapse.
Name the conditions that reduce the likelihood of relapse.
There is a reduced chance of relapse when: smoking interventions are intensive, pharmacotherapy is used, and telephone counseling is available.
Explain why it is so hard for smokers to modify their behavior. (7)
- Smokers may lack of knowledge about health risks or about the availability and effectiveness of existing treatment interventions.
- Smokers may embrace health-compromising attitudes, convincing themselves that the risks associated with smoking are lower than they actually are.
- Smokers often have strong associations between smoking and other pleasurable activities.
- Group interventions are limited by the fact that each individual smokes for different reasons.
- Nicotine dependence can lead to powerful withdrawal symptoms.
- Many smokers are concerned about gaining weight.
- Smokers may be reluctant to give up the positive effects of smoking on mood.
Identify the traits of smokers who quit on their own.
Smokers who quit on their own have good self-control, confidence in their ability to quit, a clear perception of the health benefits associated with quitting, and strong social support. They also tend to be light smokers.
List the three components of a social influence intervention program.
- Information about the negative effects of smoking is carefully constructed.
- Materials are developed to convey a positive image of the non-smoker (rather than the smoker) as an independent, self-reliant individual.
- The peer group is used to facilitate not smoking rather than smoking.
Describe the characteristics of effective anti-smoking materials.
Most adolescents know that smoking is a risky behavior but typically the adolescent’s time frame does not include concern about health risks that are 20 to 30 years away. Therefore, antismoking materials must highlight the disadvantages of smoking now, including adverse effects on health, the financial costs of smoking, and negative social consequences of smoking (such as rejection by others), rather than long-term health risks.
Discuss the effectiveness of social influence programs.
Researchers have found that social influence programs can reduce smoking rates for as long as four years. However, experimental smoking may be affected more than regular smoking, and these smokers would probably stop on their own.
Describe the life-skills-training approach to smoking prevention.
The life-skills training approach focuses on improving self-esteem, coping, and social skills.
Identify four social engineering techniques that can be used to modify smoking behavior.
- Liability litigation is generally considered to be one of the most potentially effective means for the long-term control of the sale and use of tobacco. Transferring the costs of smoking to the tobacco industry via lawsuits would raise the price of cigarettes, lowering consumption.
- Access to tobacco may become increasingly regulated if the Food and Drug Administration classifies it as a drug.
- Heavy taxation is another possibility. Most smokers report that they would reduce their smoking if it became prohibitively expensive.
- Smoking can be controlled by restricting it to particular places. The rationale for such interventions is that to reduce the known harm caused by secondhand smoke. Thus, more U.S. states are prohibiting smoking in public buildings, confining smokers to particular places, and otherwise protecting the rights of nonsmokers.
self-help aids
Materials that can be used by an individual on his or her own without the aid of a therapist to assist in the modification of a personal habit; often used to combat smoking and other health-related risk factors.
social influence intervention
*social influence intervention- A smoking intervention that draws on the social learning principles of modeling and behavioral inoculation in inducing people not to smoke; youngsters are exposed to older peer models who deliver antismoking messages after exposure to simulated peer pressure to smoke.
