Midterm 1- Lesson 1-11 Flashcards
Identify the conditions under which parents are most likely to undertake injury prevention activities to protect their children.
Interventions to reduce home accidents are typically conducted with parents because they have control over the child’s environment. Parents are most likely to undertake injury prevention activities if: They believe that the recommended steps really will avoid injuries; they feel knowledgeable and competent to teach safety skills to their children; they have a realistic sense of how much time will actually be involved in taking preventive measures.
Explain why the rate of accidents in the home and workplace has declined.
The decline may be due, in part, to better safety precautions by employers in the workplace and by parents in the home. Social engineering solutions, such as safety caps on medications, required smoke detectors in the home, and strict guidelines for occupational safety, have also contributed to the decline.
Describe the safety measures that have reduced the number of severe injuries and fatalities related to motorcycle and automobile accidents.
Safety measures such as reducing highway driving speed to 55 miles per hour, requiring seat belts, promoting the use of helmets and reflective clothing for bicycle and motorcycle riders; and placing young children in safety restraint seats have reduced the number of severe injuries and vehicular fatalities.
List the factors that affect the regular practice of breast self-examination (BSE) (4)
- Many women who practice BSE are discouraged by the fact that it is hard to detect lumps. Breast tissue tends to be lumpy, and beginners seem to find suspicious lumps all the time.
- When women practice BSE on synthetic models that do and do not contain lumps, their ability to discriminate lumps improves
- Self-efficacy, with respect to the practice of BSE, is one of the strongest predictors of effective and frequent BSE.
- A family history of breast cancer and worry about breast cancer appear to moderately increase the likelihood of practicing breast cancer-related screening behaviors.
Explain why the use of mammography declines with age
Fear of radiation; embarrassment over the procedure; anticipated pain and anxiety; fear of discovering one has cancer; lack of awareness; lack of incentive; lack of availability; and concern over cost, all act as deterrents to getting regular mammograms.
Identify the factors that influence effective sunscreen use.
Parents’ own sun protection habits predict their attentiveness to their children’s practices and what children subsequently do on their own. The type of skin one has – burn only, burn then tan, or tan without burning – is the strongest influence on likelihood of using sun protection. Other factors include: perceived need for sunscreen; perceived efficacy of sunscreen as protection against skin cancer; and social norms regarding sunscreen use.
Discuss the relationship between dietary habits and health.
- Dietary factors have been implicated in a broad array of health issues, including total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Both of these are risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease and hypertension.
- Dietary habits have also been implicated in the development of several cancers, including colon, stomach, pancreas, and breast. Diet may contribute to 40% of all cancers.
Explain why people have a hard time modifying their diet.
People tend to be motivated more by improving their appearance rather than their health, and this motivation can fluctuate. Dietary changes can be hard to maintain. Low self-efficacy, a lack of family support, or a lack of belief in the relationship between diet and health, can all affect adherence to diet. So can the feelings that the diet is too restrictive, monotonous, expensive, or inconvenient, or that it requires to much change.
Cite the dangers associated with a low-cholesterol diet.
-Some dietary changes may alter mood and personality. Evidence is mounting that low-cholesterol diets may contribute to poor mood and behavior problems. It may be that people do not like low-cholesterol meals, so they get irritable after consuming them. Diet may also alter levels of neurotransmitters that affect mood as well. -Some studies have shown that low-cholesterol diets can contribute to deaths from behavioral causes, including suicides, accidents, and murders. Low cholesterol levels have been related to an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms in men as well.
Summarize the findings on community interventions designed to modify diet.
- Nutrition education campaigns mounted in supermarkets have shown some success. In one study, a computerized, interactive nutritional information system placed in supermarkets significantly decreased high-fat purchases and somewhat increased high-fiber purchases.
- A more recent approach to modifying diet has involved targeting particular groups for which dietary change may be especially important and designing interventions specifically directed to these groups. Interventions in Latino populations appear to be successful in diet modification when face-to-face contact with a health advisor who goes through the materials for successful diet modification, due to the emphasis on personal contact placed in Latino communities.
- Change may also come from social engineering solution to the problem, as well as from individual efforts to alter diet. Factors such as banning snack foods from schools, making school lunch programs more nutritious, and making snack foods more expensive and health foods less so will all make some inroads into promoting healthy food choices.
breast self-examination (BSE)
The monthly practice of checking the breasts to detect alterations in the underlying tissue; a chief method of detecting breast cancer.
