Midterm 1 Gaze

Question 1

“gaze” usually = “face directed gaze”

Answer 1

-one person’s eye contact with another person’s face

Question 2

qualities of gaze (e.g., salient)

Answer 2

• salient (stands out)
• arousing
• involving

Question 3

functions of gaze (e.g., regulate information input)

Answer 3

• primary: regulation of info output
• attraction
• dominance-or threat (ex: boxers before match)

Question 4

mutual gaze

Answer 4

both looking at each others faces/eyes, rarely for a long time

Question 5

Face directed gaze

Answer 5

one persons eye contact with another persons face

Question 6

gaze aversion

Answer 6

-looking away for person, very obvious

Question 7

impact of individual differences on gaze (e.g., sex, age, personality)

Answer 7

• females more than males
• even in infant females/males
• females are about visual monitoring
• age: young and old gaze more than middle aged

Question 8

person by situation interaction for need for affiliation and gaze

Answer 8

• need for affiliation: strong desire to connect with other people, terrified of solitude
• make more eye contact, but only in situations where they’re comfortable

Question 9

impact of cooperative vs. competitive situations on gaze

Answer 9

Cooperative: Subdued, high affiliation, mean index of mutual glances goes down

Competitive: Salient, low affiliation, mean index of mutual glances goes up.

Question 10

gaze while speaking vs. while listening

Answer 10

-listeners gaze more than speakers

Question 11

why do people look away while concentrating? does this help?

Answer 11

-plan utterances

Question 12

decoding of gaze (what qualities are attributed to people who make a lot of eye contact?)

Answer 12

• a direct gaze is more likely to be returned by the person with aggressive and assertive character traits
• people with a high degree of eye contact are judged as being “friendly” “natural” “self-confident” and “sincere”
• people who have little eye contact seen as “cold” “defensive” and “evasive”

Question 13

how does source attraction influence perceptions of being gazed at? (self-referential positivity bias)

Answer 13

?

Question 14

how have decoding gaze and emotion been connected in research studies?

Answer 14

• connects to anxiety and credibility (gaze increases)

- gaze and attractiveness

Question 15

how do males and females decoding gaze? (e.g., self-objectification)

Answer 15

• women tend to look at their conversational partner more than men.
• women engage more readily in mutual gazing, while men show a greater tendency toward one-way (“stolen”) glances
• self-objectification: From the male perspective, a man possesses the gaze because he is a man, whereas a woman has the gaze only when she assumes the male gazer role — when she objectifies others by gazing at them like a man., might feel objectified from a man looking at them a certain way for certain clothing they are wearing.

Question 16

is there an interactive effect for gaze?

Answer 16

yes, visual interactive styles are a common pathway for a lot of social, psychological, and cultural influences, resting ultimately upon a balance of approach and avoidance forces.

Question 17

gaze in nonhuman primates vs. infants (looking at gazing faces) vs. children (e.g., autistic children)

Answer 17

• similar gaze in primates and infants

- except when autistic, no gazing

Question 18

role of gaze in initiating and avoiding interaction

Answer 18

look when initiating, avoid when don’t want to interact

Question 19

how does emotion (e.g., sadness, embarrassment) affect gaze?

Answer 19

positive emotions (surprise, delight)= increased gaze
negative emotions (horror or disgust) gaze aversion
-High anxiety- eye movements are more avoidant

Question 20

how does lying affect gaze? (from encoder or decoder perspective)

Answer 20

-the liar gazes more so that the decoder won’t think they are lying.

Question 21

gaze romantic involvement

Answer 21

• eye contact plays an important role, as a messenger and inspirer of love
• couples spend more time gazing at each other into their eyes (direct)

Question 22

gaze and culture (e.g., Black/White differences in looking while speaking vs. looking while talking, gaze in contact cultures)

Answer 22

• Americans, Japanese, and Indians- are taught not to stare at others
• Arabs, Greeks, South Americans- emphasize intense eye contact as evidence of sincerity and interest
• whites stare more than blacks