Midterm 1 Gaze Flashcards
“gaze” usually = “face directed gaze”
-one person’s eye contact with another person’s face
qualities of gaze (e.g., salient)
- salient (stands out)
- arousing
- involving
functions of gaze (e.g., regulate information input)
- primary: regulation of info output
- attraction
- dominance-or threat (ex: boxers before match)
mutual gaze
both looking at each others faces/eyes, rarely for a long time
Face directed gaze
one persons eye contact with another persons face
gaze aversion
-looking away for person, very obvious
impact of individual differences on gaze (e.g., sex, age, personality)
- females more than males
- even in infant females/males
- females are about visual monitoring
- age: young and old gaze more than middle aged
person by situation interaction for need for affiliation and gaze
- need for affiliation: strong desire to connect with other people, terrified of solitude
- make more eye contact, but only in situations where they’re comfortable
impact of cooperative vs. competitive situations on gaze
Cooperative: Subdued, high affiliation, mean index of mutual glances goes down
Competitive: Salient, low affiliation, mean index of mutual glances goes up.
gaze while speaking vs. while listening
-listeners gaze more than speakers
why do people look away while concentrating? does this help?
-plan utterances
decoding of gaze (what qualities are attributed to people who make a lot of eye contact?)
- a direct gaze is more likely to be returned by the person with aggressive and assertive character traits
- people with a high degree of eye contact are judged as being “friendly” “natural” “self-confident” and “sincere”
- people who have little eye contact seen as “cold” “defensive” and “evasive”
how does source attraction influence perceptions of being gazed at? (self-referential positivity bias)
?
how have decoding gaze and emotion been connected in research studies?
- connects to anxiety and credibility (gaze increases)
- gaze and attractiveness
how do males and females decoding gaze? (e.g., self-objectification)
- women tend to look at their conversational partner more than men.
- women engage more readily in mutual gazing, while men show a greater tendency toward one-way (“stolen”) glances
- self-objectification: From the male perspective, a man possesses the gaze because he is a man, whereas a woman has the gaze only when she assumes the male gazer role — when she objectifies others by gazing at them like a man., might feel objectified from a man looking at them a certain way for certain clothing they are wearing.
is there an interactive effect for gaze?
yes, visual interactive styles are a common pathway for a lot of social, psychological, and cultural influences, resting ultimately upon a balance of approach and avoidance forces.
gaze in nonhuman primates vs. infants (looking at gazing faces) vs. children (e.g., autistic children)
- similar gaze in primates and infants
- except when autistic, no gazing
role of gaze in initiating and avoiding interaction
look when initiating, avoid when don’t want to interact
how does emotion (e.g., sadness, embarrassment) affect gaze?
positive emotions (surprise, delight)= increased gaze negative emotions (horror or disgust) gaze aversion -High anxiety- eye movements are more avoidant
how does lying affect gaze? (from encoder or decoder perspective)
-the liar gazes more so that the decoder won’t think they are lying.
gaze romantic involvement
- eye contact plays an important role, as a messenger and inspirer of love
- couples spend more time gazing at each other into their eyes (direct)
gaze and culture (e.g., Black/White differences in looking while speaking vs. looking while talking, gaze in contact cultures)
- Americans, Japanese, and Indians- are taught not to stare at others
- Arabs, Greeks, South Americans- emphasize intense eye contact as evidence of sincerity and interest
- whites stare more than blacks
