Midterm 1 Flashcards
given behaviors
purposive and intentional; under control of the actor
given off behaviors
not purposive OR intentional, not under control of the sender
4 aspects of meaning in nonverbal behavior
- intention (encoding)
- perception/interpretation (decoding)
- interactive
- shared encoding-decoding
intention (encoding)
what are people’s intentions when they emit this behavior?
perception/interpretation (decoding)
how do receivers of this behavior interpret it?
interactive
are there behaviors that have a reliable behavioral effect on others? (ex: invasion of space)
shared encoding-decoding
are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers consistently agree on?
usage
circumstances in which the behavior happens (ex: external behaviors, public vs. private)
-does the behavior draw external feedback?
4 types of information conveyed (part of usage)
1 idiosyncratic
- informative
- communicative
- interactive
idiosyncratic
usage and meaning is peculiar to individual
informative
shared encoding and decoding
communicative
enacted with a clear, conscious intention to convey a message
interactive
influence or modify another persons behavior
origins- three things where nonverbal behaviors come from?
- innate neurological mechanisms (ex: startled expression, hard-wired)
- species constant experiences- all have to do
- learning and socialization (o.k. sign)
coding and three types
-relationship between behavior and what it stands for 3 types: -arbitrary -iconic (metaphoric) -intrinsic
arbitrary
no intrinsic meaning in behavior, meaning happens by convention (ex: peace sign)
iconic (metaphoric)
(v for victory) preserve some aspects of the referent, do not need verbal to be understood (call me, gun)
intrinsic
the act IS a case of the thing that is signifying (aggression)
symbolic/arbitrary example
flipping off
Five categories of nonverbal behavior (Ekman and Friesen)
- emblems
- illustrators
- adaptors
- regulators
- emotion displays
emblems
nonverbal behavior that function like words, can replace language. (ex: waving, hi, bye). Most cultural specific, learned by convention
illustrators
adds visual dimension to verbal part
- 100% dependent on language, means nothing without it and vice versa
- ex: I got a fish that was THIS big
adaptors
largely unconscious, behavior we emit to manage or regulate our arousal (when it’s too high or too low) (ex: twirling keys (object), touching hair (self), rarely aware
regulators
traffic code example, stop sign, light.
- red lights of convo
- manage flow of conversation (over, over and out)
emotion displays
- collection of nonverbal behavior behavior used to convey emotion to others
- face, voice, posture, gesture, touch, space
- not just facial expressions
relationship between verbal and nonverbal (4)
-substitute
-complement
-accent
-regulate
(can sometimes serve multiple concepts at once)
substitute
verbal may not always be possible or appropriate, substitute for nonverbal
ex: plane signals to land-hand gestures, emblems
complement
modify message in some way, ex: shouting a message, packaged deal
accent
highlight particular part of message (not over there, over HERE)
regulate
regulators, regulate verbal, goal sign of convo (let me finish, hurry up), no informational value, regulate flow of conversation, very important
revival of gesture stems from (3)
- speculation about the origins of language; Hewes for gestural origin of language
- the discovery that chimps can be taught at least some aspects of sign language (Koko)
- the linguistic study of sign language
Gestural origin of language
- studied gestures in humans, chimps, and bonobo (encultured), all language
- gestural representation of a referent preceded symbolic representation of the same referent in humans and apes
- across species, ratio of symbol to gesture increased significantly with age.
gesture
movement of the body, or any part of the body, that is considered to be expressive of thought or feeling
diff. b/t gesture and practical actions
ex: drinking water
- andrew dice clay cigs in pretty in pink, example of practical becoming gesture
4 types of gestures
- ) emblems- replaced with one or two words, function just like words (peace sign)
- ) illustrators- need speech, pointing
- ) regulators- raising hand, batons-talk with hands in sync with speech
- ) adaptors-largely unconcious- control arousal (self and object), examples on d2l. like sucking thumb
Two groups of gestures (Freedman)
- ) object-focused gestures (e.g. illustrators)=expressivity, outgoing
- ) body-focused gestures (e.g. self-adaptors), discomfort, nervousness
development of gestures
in notes
neurological issues (2)
- ) broca’s aphasia- severe impairments of speech output, also interrupts orchestration of gesture
- ) Wernicke’s aphasia- severe disruption of speech comprehension, gestures lack intelligible semantic content.
gestures aid
communication
gestures also aid
listener’s comprehension (elaborated on notes)
when do we use gestures?
- when comm. is difficult or impossible
- to substitute for speech when speech might be regarded as too explicit or delicate (Seinfeld example)
- when the spoken utterance taken by itself is imcomplete (sit HERE)
Illustrators and Conditions- when do they increase and decrease?
- face-to-face: increase (skirt example on d2l and in notes)
- complicated: increase, simple…decrease
- familiar: decrease, unfamiliar…increase
Gesture and recall: pirate game
- some allowed to gesture, some instructed to gesture, some could not gesture
- children instructed to gesture provided more correct information than other two conditions
- no gesture=least information
- gesture reduces processing demands
- offloading allows for more allocation to retrieval (ex: 4 by 4 example)
Grounding thoughts in action (Tower of Hanoi)
- the more the switch groups gesture depicted moving the smallest disk one-handed, the worse they performed.
- when gestures are no longer compatible with the action constraints of the task, problem solving suffers
Gesture and word retrieval (degraded images)
- e.g. airplane, microwave
- while viewing them, subjects make gestures that are congruent with the image (e.g. flat hand with airplane)
- or incongruent with image (clenched fist with airplane)
- how quickly can you name object (d2l), quickest response-congruent
Gesture and computational task performance-video taped math lessons
- speech
- speech and gesture
- performance best in speech and gesture condition
Cultural differences
video
Decoding gestures, easiest to hardest
- emblems: very well shared, agreement between encoders and decoders, some “universal” emblems appear to exist
- illustrators: degree to which there is shared meaning is unclear (the more iconic they are, the easier they are to understand)
- adaptors: the most difficult to decode; interpretation is probably idiosyncratic (behavior peculiar to individual)
5 interactive aspects of gesture and body movement
- ) postural congruence-matching posture of someone you’re with
- ) synchrony-move with people in sync with them (ex: The Transporter)
- ) sensitivity to behavioral mimicry
- ) greater mimicry of in-group vs outgroup, and liked vs disliked (actors)
- ) mirror neurons-in human brain
mirror neurons
- brain cells that respond equally when performing vs. observing same action
- neurons in brains of monkeys who grabbed object vs. observed another grabbing same object
- human documentation
- experience of disgust vs. observation of disgust
- touch of upper leg vs observation of tough to upper leg
- empathy: experience through observation
empathy
“experience” through observation
Nature of language (4)
- simplify the original material
- organize so that the relationship among the elements is clear (syntax)
- restructuve the whole for easy transmission
- no syntax in animal language
ASL (6)
- 12 basic hand positions
- 19 configurations
- 24 movements
- involves a lot of facial animation
- loose syntax
- fairly new language (about 150 years)
ISL (4)
- 18 hand configurations
- 24 movements
- no facial expression
- very loose syntax
Discrete behaviors (8)
- emblems
- kinesic markers
- eye contact
- smile
- nod
- head shake
- arms akimbo
- leg position (open/closed)
Continuous behaviors (5)
- gesture that accompanies speech
- posture shifting
- forward/backward lean
- body orientation
- adaptors (when under/over aroused)
Gaze is… (3)
- salient (stands out)
- arousing
- involving
Primary function of gaze
regulation of information input
other functions of gaze (2)
- attraction
- dominance (or threat) (ex: boxers before a match)
gaze or faced-directed gaze
one person’s eye contact with another persons face
gaze aversion
looking away from person, very obvious
mutual gaze
both looking at each other’s faces/eyes, rarely for a long period of time
Kendon (1967)
- total gaze during conversation: 18-70% of the time
- looking while speaking: 20-65%
- looking while listening: 30-80%
- mutual gaze: 10-30%
Individual sex differences in gaze
- F>M
- even in infants
- F visual monitoring
Individual age differences in gaze
-young and old > middle aged
personality traits associated with gaze: extroversion/introversion
extroverts make more
self-monitoring
- change how you act around others (high self-monitor)-want to fit in
- behavior driven by internal standards (low self-monitor)
- high self-monitor makes more eye contact
social anxiety (including study)
- less eye contact, gaze aversion
- Study: participants view video clips
- 13 involved positive social feedback/13 negative
- computerized eye tracking system
- people with social anxiety disorder exhibited greater global gaze avoidance in response to both the pos. and neg. video clips, compared to controls
dominance
- use gaze more freely, but break gaze first in mutual gaze
- also, look more while speaking
- more likely to look away in listening role
need for affiliation
- strong desire to connect with other people
- terrified of solitude
- make more eye contact, but only in situations where they’re comfortable (chart on d2l)
Speaker and listening roles
LL (looking while listening)
LS (looking while speaking)
- % LL> % LS-virtual law of human behavior
norm of attention
-taught to make eye contact with people who are talking to you
why do we look away during beginning of speaking turn
planning utterances
why do we look toward at end of turn
let them know they can talk now
using gaze to manage cognitive load
- abstract shapes described to children and adults
- children made more correct responses when looking at floor during description
- adults performed equally well when looking at the floor or face of speaker during description
- looking at anothers face increases cognitive load
- we manage this by looking away during mentally challenging tasks
Breed and Coluaita (1974) study
- sampled visual attentiveness of college students in social psychology class lectures
- samples were 20 sec for class for 15 class sessions
- those who received the highest midterm and final exam scores spent more time looking at the instructor and less time “looking around” than those who performed more poorly
decoding gaze
- anxiety
- credibility, compotence, intelliegence- direct gaze increases perception of this
- attractiveness- gaze enhaces perceptions of attractiveness
attractiveness study
- Subjects viewed 40 photos of unfamiliar models
- brain activity monitored with fMRI
- gaze directed at subject: brain activity in ventral striatum (+) correlated with perceptions of attractiveness
- gaze directed away from subjects: brain activity in ventral striatum (-) correlated with perceptions of attractiveness
- ventral striatum associated with reward prediction
- this region is activated when decoding gaze
clothing is…
uniquely human
clothing definition
any ARTIFACTUAL addition to the body that changes its appearance
clothing is the first…
nonverbal cue to be noticed
is clothing regulated by law?
yes, one of 2 nonverbal behaviors regulated by law
Vicary (1989)
“clothing on the moving body becomes a sign and symbol of a communication system as complex and precise as most verbal languages”
garments
dress, costume, apparel, headwear, footwear, underwear
ornaments (artifacts)
badges, tattoos, masks, beads, gems, chains
cosmetics
paints, powders, oils, perfumes
devices
wigs, corsets, braces
treatments
hair dying, tattoos, curling, dyes
equipment
eyeglasses, watches
tools
knives, toothpicks, mirrors, scissors
clothing constantly changes…
over time, in flux
different functions of clothing
- decoration
- protection (physical and psychological)
- sexual attraction and availability
- self-assertion
- self-denial
- concealment (i.e. I don’t like my arms, so I cover them)
- group identification
- status or role
Reed (1973) “fashionability” 4 types
high fashion (latest styles) low fashion (casual) non fashion (out of style, old clothes) ex: grunge counter fashion (opposite of establishment, emphasis on comfort) ex: punk rock
results of reeds 4 types
high=lowest gpas
low=moderate
non=highest
counter=moderate GPAs
artifacts
- jewelry as emblematic comm. (ex: wedding ring)
- tattoo emblems (teardrop prison tat)
- badge emblem (police)
effects on encoders: black uniforms
more penalties in NHL and NFL
clothing style and self description police line up study
- suspect described as well dressed or casually dressed
- self description inventory
- well dress: neat, cultivated, accurate, restrained, strategic (formal traits)
- casual: easy going, clumsy, tolerant, emotional, nonchalant
effects of business attire on the wearer
- survey of business professionals
- felt most compotent and authoritative when wearing formal business or business casual
- most trustworthy and productive when wearing business casual
- least friendly/creative when wearing formal business attire
- chart on d2l
clothing and status
- conspicuous consumption (stands out) > social status
- clothes indicate affluence, but only for certain groups
- working class students use brand name clothes to suggest economic capital
- upper class students distance themselves from this use of clothing
“aesthetic distancing”
between yourself and conspicuous consumption, purposely not wearing snotty clothes
Personality and clothing (differences in females and males)
- clothing concious males: deliberate, guarded, defer to authority, traditional
- clothing practicailty males: inhibited, cautious, dissatisfied, low motivation to make friends
- clothing conscious females: inhibited, anxious, defer to authority
- clothing practicality females: clever, enthusiastic, confident, outgoing
Clothing and social motivations study (2004)
- 353 female patrons of vienna nightclubs
- video photo, saliva sample, questionarre
- motivation to “hang around” rated their clothing as less “sexy” and more “modest”
- motivation to “flirt” rated their clothing as more “sexy” and “bold”
- wearers understand the social code (dress to impress)
- hormone levels were related to self-description of clothing as “sexy” and “bold” and to actual clothing use (e.g. skin display, skirt length) among many participants
- during most fertile phase of ovulatory cycle women wore most attractive clothing
- judges rated their clothing during high fertility phase as more fashionable, nicer, showing more skin, etc.
- study was replicated in 2008, but were also asked to draw an outfit that they’d want to wear to a social event
- women sketched outfits that were sexier when they were nearest ovulation
wearing red to attract
- women expecting to converse with an attractive man choose to wear a red (vs. green) shirt than women expecting to converse with an unattractive man or avg. woman
- women expecting to converse with an attractive man choose to wear a red (vs. blue) shirt than women expecting to converse with an attractive female
Impression formation grammar school study
- grammar school girls
- judged photos: snobbish, fun loving, shy, gay, intelligent, anxious
- had high agreement among them all-clear their judging clothing, judging individually
Occupational attributes study
salesman dressed like:
- three piece suit
- dark navy 2 piece suit
- medium gray two piece suit
- sport coat and slacks
- casual look (striped sweater, khakis)
- european look (miami vice)
- tourist (beige jacket, peach slacks, pink and paisley tie)
- results: salesmen in dark suit seen as better salesman, more ambitious, and optimistic
- salesmen in any of the traditional outfits (1st 4), were seen as rep. a company that was large, has good service, many products, and good credit
Teacher attributes and clothing (1991) study
- long sleeve casual shirt, jeans, tennis shoes
- long sleeve crew neck sweater with white shirt, grey dress pants, plain shoes
- long sleeve, rolled up, striped tie, dress pants, plain shoes
- shirt with small print tie, navy sports coat, grey pants, dress shoes
Teacher attributes and clothing study results
- jeans: could discuss problems with, fun in classroom, given least respect, doesn’t know anything
- sweater: neutral, little response
- shirt and tie: looks like a teacher, knows subject matter, graded fairly, approachable
- sport coat: knows subject, no sense of humor, doesn’t listen to opinions, too much homework, embarrass students, would prefer not to have him.
Clothing and interactive phenomena (1955)
- walk against traffic signal if other people do
- dress: high status (suit)/low status (soiled and patched pants, denim shirt)
- more pedestrians followed high status model against traffic signal (same guy both times)
Tattoos and piercings: traits
- weaker social bonds to parent, school, religion (in gen.)
- victimized in past
- negative self appraisal, low self esteem, depression, suicial thoughts
- more involved in alcohol, marijuana, and delinquency
- less conscientious
- more extraverted
- high sensation seeking
- more accepting of sex without commitment
What do tattoos mean to the wearer study
- 18-38 year old women with tattoos
- major themes: connection to the self, life events, relationships, spirituality
- obtaining tattoos resulted in a change in how participants viewed themselves and caused some self and behavioral changes
Impressions of women with tattoos (2007)
- university students rated tattooed women as:
a. ) less physically attractive
b. ) more sexually promiscious
c. ) heavier drinkers (confirmed in 2012 findings) - line drawing of model with 0-3 visible/subtle tattoos
motivation for tattoos and body piercings (historically and recently) (5)
- historically:
a. ) symbol of some past event, love, friendship
b. ) group membership (ex: marines)
c. ) a marker of individuality (set yourself apart) - more recently:
d. ) “human canvas” hypothesis: treating body like a canvas: decorate it
e. ) “upping the anty” hypothesis: seeking new and unique displays of self, self fitness (ex: prison, face tattoo)
Sex differences and para language
The easiest individual difference to identify from the voice
-fundamental frequency or pitch (larynx, vocal chords)
Fundamental frequency
Pitch
Detecting speaker differences in pre adolescents
- 26 children, 4-14 read a standard passage
- judges correctly guessed their sex 81% of the time
- no anatomical basis YET, for the diff. In male and female voices
- boys appear to PRONOUNCE formant vowels at lower frequency than girls
- a learned behavior?
Age and para language
Changes speaking rate and pause capacity (d2l graphs)
-for men, changes pitch
Decoding speaker qualities study
- Ss listened to speakers reading standard sentence
- had to guess from 2 photos who the speaker was
- guessed 76.5% correctly
- then listened to voices and guess age, height, weight
- people who had photos did no better than those in voice only condition
- slower speech rate=perception of older age
Slower speech rate=
Perceptions of older age
Amount of talk, pos. correlated with perceptions of (4)
Leadership, control, power, status
Better to have
Something to say than nothing
Decoding pitch study (1979)
- made tapes of males answering interview questions
- varied pitch by +20% (high) or -20% (low)
- high pitched males were judged as less truthful, less empathetic, more nervous than low pitched males
Attractive voices study
- student judges listened to 110, 30 sec segments of people reading a standard passage
- voices rated on attractive unattractive scale
Attractive voice study results, most attractive voices were (5):
- loudness range
- lack of monotone
- resonance (smooth, strong)
- lack of nasality (Fran dreschner)
- good articulation
Attractive voice=attractive face?
- m judges aged 17-30 listened to f voices pronouncing vowel sounds and rated their attractiveness
- then rated attractiveness of photos
- those with attractive voices were also rated as having attractive faces
- low BMI led to more attractive voices
- higher pitch or f0 led to more attractive sound (sound younger?)
Recognizing maternal voice
Born with ability to recognize and discriminate mothers voice
- tape recordings of mothers voice played
- subjects were 38.4 weeks along GA(average)
- fetal heart rate monitored
- tapes of mothers voice led to increased FHR
- tapes of strangers voice led to decreased FHR(d2l chart)
Filled pauses and recall study
- subjects listen to a spoken passage with either filled pauses, nonlinguistic interruptions, or fluent speech
- subjects recalled content of the story best when there were filled pauses
- filled pauses may direct attention to the speech stream and this aids in recall
Interactive aspects- accent and dialect
- accommodation/imitation of dialect
- only face to face situations
- unconscious
Interruptions-success depends upon
- difference in loudness between speakers
- how much loudness increases from normal level of dialogue
- interruption leads to interruption
Interactive speech rate study
- 3-7 year olds at day care
- grad students increase speech rate
- children reciprocated
- found that autistic teens would not match speech rate with parents
Loudness and duration
Match with others
Convergence and cooperation study with students at UCLA
- triads of same sex strangers had 10 min convo
- played prisoners’dilemma game
- when speech rates converged from beginning to the end of the convo, they were more likely to cooperate in prisoners dilemma game
- adj. speech rate may ease cognitive processing and itself be a form of cooperation.
functions of paralanguage
- regulating the flow of conversation (i.e. pitch and loudness)
- emotional states
- cognition (i.e. pauses)
- speaker characteristics
- information (i.e. content meaning)
- impressions (power, leadership, status, ex: Darth Vader)
qualities (in paralanguage)
-vary from speaker to speaker (eg articulation, resonance, thinness) ex: Keith Richards bad articulation
vocalizations (in paralanguage)
-characteristics that are modified by all speakers (e.g. loudness, pitch, stress)
temporal characteristics (in paralanguage)
-aspects of speech that are a function of time (e.g. speech rate, pause duration, response latency)
3 types of pauses
- phoentic pause: duration of 250ms
- silent pause: duration>250 ms
- filled pause: duration >250ms but has no sound to it (e.g umm ahh, etc)
personality and paralanguage (4 types)
- extraversion- answer back fast, fewer silent pauses, gen. more fluent speech, faster, louder)
- introversion- slower in speech, many pauses and repitition and stuttering (speech errors), quiet, withdrawn
- dominance- overlap with extraversion, loud and fast, fluent, not many errors
- “type A” behavior- urgent, impatient, faster speech rate, louder volume, need environment to bring it out of them
studying emotional qualities of the voice (content free)
-read a standard passage
-random splicing
-electronic content filtering
-synthesize voices
(read more in notes)
anxiety and vocal behavior
- increase in speech disturbance ratio (unfilled pauses, hesitancies, repititions, false starts, less fluent)
- more speech disturbance, repetition, sentence incomplete, omission, tongue slips, stutters, “ah”s, less fluent speech
- more speech latency (ex: “cops”
- more speech rate, higher speech rate
- negative affect of arousal on performance (yerkes-dodson), too high and too low anxiety are both bad
cognitive state and vocal behavior
- speech production is cognitively arousing
- decision making leads to more speech hesitations
- hesitations cluster at the beginning of clauses
- Reynold and Pavio described abstract nouns (i.e. freedom) led to longer response latency, more silent pauses, and filled pauses than describing concrete nouns (i.e. dog, tree)-less cognitively demanding, less pauses
- ambiguous interviewer probes (tell me about your family) leads to more filled and silent pauses than specific interviewer probes what kind of work do you do
- alcohol increases silent pauses and hesitations-before indication of intoxication in blood level
90% of utterances are…
10 words or less
33% of utterances are
3 words or less
