Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fossils

A

remains of older life forms, vestiges of once living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fossilization

A

process through which a living organism is turned into a fossil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bryophytes

A

simplest land plants, lack woody tissue and reproduce through spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tracheophytes

A

higher plants with woody tissue, this is further separated into seed and seedless plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protozoans (animal-like protistans)

A

diverse single-celled eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Characteristics of foraminifera

A
  1. Animal like protistans
  2. solitary organisms
  3. cytoplasm protected with tests
  4. Tests have one (unilocular) or more (multilocular) chambers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of radiolarians

A
  1. animal-like protistans
  2. solitary
  3. mineralized structure (skeleton) protects the cytoplasm
  4. skeletal structure that provides highest quality fossil record, most elaborate skeletal systems among fossils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

characteristics of ciliophorans

A
  1. Animal-like protistans
  2. single-celled
  3. solitary
  4. 2+ nuclei in the cytoplasm
  5. protect their body with a lorica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Choanoflagellates

A
  1. Animal-like protistans
  2. solitary or colonial
  3. poor fossil record
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sponges

A
  1. The simplest multicellular animals on Earth
  2. Evolve tissue grades so they don’t have organs
  3. cylindrical shape with large opening at the top (osculum) and small pores that penetrate through the lateral walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Feeding process of sponges

A

Structure of the body is made for filter feeding. The flagella create a current that enters the body through the pores and is expelled through the osculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Poriferans

A

they distinct phylum that includes sponges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sponges/poriferans internal skeletal composition

A

skeleton has small-sized spicules, they can be calcareous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 subclasses of phylum

A

Calcarea- calcareous skelton
Demospongea- skeleton consists of siliceous spicules
Hexactinellida- skeleton consists of siliceous spicules w/ 3 axes
Sclerospongia- calcareous skeleton with different skeleton architecture than calcarea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cnidarians

A

characterisized by nematocyts; cells that release a deadly poison that can paralyze the prey
- they can either be sedentary generation or free-swimming generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lophophorates

A

characterized by a fan shaped organ that filter-feeding, known as lophophore. Two phyla: Bryozoa and Brachipoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bryozoa vs. Brachipoda -

A

Bryozoans- colonial
Brachiopods- most frequent in the fossil record, they protect their soft bodies with two valves. Brachiopods are subdivided into inarticulata which lack a hinge and articulata have a hinge with well-developed teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Molluscs

A

Organisms of the phylum Mollusca that are soft-bodied animals, often protected by a shell of CaCO3. they are one of the most important reef builders throughout the phanerozoic period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aplacophora

A

molluscs without hard body parts/no shell, they do not appear in the fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polyplacophoro

A

molluscus that have soft body parts protected by a number of plates that overlap each other, they appear in the Devonian period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

monoplacophora

A

protect the soft body parts with one calcitic piece/shell, very similar to gastropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gastropods

A

Molluscus that evolved in the Cambrian and are among the most diverse and abundant groups of organisms, the are adapted to aquatic areas and soft body parts are protected by twisted shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cephalopods

A

molluscs with tentacles around the mouth (octopi and squid) shell is external in nautiloids (octopi and squid) and internal in some squid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Scaphopods

A

class of molluscs that are tapered and elongated shell that protects the soft body, tentacles around the mouth that help catch prey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bivalvia

A

class of molluscs were soft body is protected by 2 symmetrical or asymmetrical valves, they do not have a head and like much movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

anthropods

A
  1. organisms that have limb segmentation
  2. protected by calcitic structure which makes them easy to fossilize
  3. in aquatic and terrestrial areas
  4. among the earliest conquerors of land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

trilobites

A

subphylum of anthropods body is covered in calcified carapace which has a protective role. Carapace is divided into three parts: cephalon, thorax and pygidium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chelicerates

A

subphylum of arthropods they have anterior (near the head or front) appendages (smaller parts that are connected to the larger body) and these appendages turn into chelicerae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Crustaeans

A

Ostrocods - subphylum of arthropods soft body is protected by two calcareous valves and is adapted to aquatic environments, the low tolerance for environmental changes is a great for study of environmental changes in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

insects

A

body is divided into three parts: cephalon, thorax and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

echinoderms

A

the soft body is protected by a test consisting of a huge number of calcitic particles, called Ossicles, those remain in anatomical connection and when the organism is dead the test disintegrate and the organic matter dissolves- so when there is an enchinoderm fossilized (fossil taxa) it is almost considered a case of exceptional preservation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

water vascular system of echinoderms

A

helps the muscles control the organisms movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

symmetry of echinoderms

A

in first phases of evolution they had little symmetry or no symmetry but as they evolved they have pentameral symmetry and sometimes have bilateral symmetry superimposed by over the pentameral one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

echinoderms are unique invertebrates

A

they are the most evolved invertebrates, because they have internal cavities with two openings and have embryonic stages of chordates rather than like other invertebrate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

grapolites

A

colonial, were first very attached to the sea floor but then they floated up to the top and were spread out across different environments by waves and have great ability to adapt to environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

structure for the grapolite colony

A

separated into one or more branches called tipes. The individual are structured along the stipes in a cup-like structure called thecae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cephalochordates

A

organisms with notochords, these organisms are known in the fossil record only in cases of exceptional preservation. They are ancestors of the conodont animals which have mineralized chewing apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

vertebrates

A

axials skeleton which is of bony or cartilaginous nature most evolved life forms on earth; agnathans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Agnthans

A

vertebrates without jaws and are filter feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Fishes

A

the most successful groups of organisms, crossopterygian fishes invaded the land in the late Silurian and are considred the ancestors of the firs land vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

amphibians

A

most primitive land vertebrates; respiration is mixed and reproduction is through eggs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Reptiles and birds

A

reptiles- cold blooded, , dominated by terrestrial vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

mammals

A
  1. warm blooded
  2. give birth to living offspring
  3. evolution of consciousness (humans)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

rate of fossilization

A

the ratio of dead organisms that became fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

fossils vs. subfossils

A
  • Fossils- before the ice age 11,700 yrs

subfossils- post ice age fossils

46
Q

2 types of fossil representation

A

Hard body- most common type of fossilization

soft body- rare fossilization because of organic decay and trophic levels but can happen in instances of rapid burial

47
Q

3 types of fossils

A
  • physical remains of the dead organism
    trace- preserve organisms activities, like feeding and movement chemical- part of the dead organism reacts with the minerals from environment
48
Q

oldest fossil

A

Laqueus- brachiopod was found among the ancient Egyptians, a shell worn by the ancient Egyptians; 4000 yrs ago.

49
Q

Xenophanes

A

first to record about fossils in the time of Greek rationalism “earliest known paleontologist”

50
Q

xanthus

A
  • fossils as a result of decreasing sea level
51
Q

Lucius. Apuleius.

A

The Golden Ass. 2 AD - Fossils are a result of transportation of invading sea waters from other continents.

52
Q

dark ages

A

major setback in terms of knowledge of fossils

53
Q

georg bauer

A

Pioneer in the idea that fossils should be illustrated rather than described; focused on their shape; figured stones

54
Q

Christopher Encelius

A
  • first person to illustrate fossils
55
Q

conrad gesner

A

first monographic study on fossils (first focused study on fossils)

56
Q

subdivisions of paleontology

A
  1. ) vertebrate paleontology-study of evolution of multicellular organism that have vertebrates
  2. ) invertebrate paleontology- study of evolution of multicellular organism that don’t have vertebrates
  3. ) paleobotany- study of plant fossils
  4. ) micropaleontology- study of microscopic fossil debris I.e fish teeth
  5. ) Palynology- study of reproductive organs in higher plants; spore and pollen grains
  6. ) Paleoalgology- study of microscopic fossil algae
57
Q

Sediments vs. Rocks

A

Sediments- unconsolidated particles

rocks- solid bound minerals

58
Q

where can fossils be found

A

sediments or rocks

59
Q

Three types of rocks

A

Igneous rocks- formed from molten lave under earth’s surface; usually doesn’t have fossils
Sedimentary rocks-on top of earth’s crust under normal temperature conditions
Metamorphic rocks-transformation of pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks under high pressure; during the formation process the rock remains in solid state.

60
Q

sedimentary rock subdivisions

A

detrital rocks- formed through clastic rock formation cycle. weathering and erosion of pre-existing rock (fossils occur in these rocks)

61
Q

chemical rocks

A

rocks that form in uppermost portion of the crust through precipitation from supersaturated solutions.

62
Q

biochemical rocks

A

majority of rock is composed of hard parts of organisms, low diversity in chemical composition

63
Q

Formation of detrital rocks

A
  1. Transportation of sediments to the sediment basin
  2. Deposition at the sediment basin
  3. lithification- (formation of rock which involves compaction, cementation and recrystallization)
64
Q

2 major categories of chemical rocks

A

carbonates and evaporates

65
Q

Difference between Aragonite and Calcite

A

Similar in composition differ in mineral structure.

66
Q

evaporates

A
  1. ) most common minerals halite gypsum and anhydrite

2. ) evaporites accumulate in shallow waters in warm/arid climates

67
Q

Which chemical rock are fossils more likely to be found in and why?

A

Carbonates more likely; there are many species in the region were these rocks form
higher sedimentation rates in the regions the form in. Evaporates not so much because the environments that they form in are restrictive interms of species.

68
Q

examples of biochemical rocks

A

reefal limestone- rock that dominated by the fossils of reef builders
chalks- accumulation of microscopic forms of algae

69
Q

What is a protolith?

A

the original rock from which a metamorphic rock formed

70
Q

What types of metamorphism happen in relations to activities in the earth’s crust

A

regional- transformation that happens in plate collision zones
contact- ‘’ in proximity of igneous intrusions
burial- ‘’ in large sedimentary basins (sedimentary piles accumulate)
high and low pressure- in regions of subduction

71
Q

what are the degrees of metamorphism and which degree is most and least likely to contain fossils

A

low, medium, and high grade
low- most likely to have fossils
medium and high- less likely because they are partially melted

72
Q

Process of fossilization

A
  1. permineralization
  2. recrystallization
  3. moldic preservation,
  4. replacement
  5. carbonization
  6. impregnation
  7. impression
  8. congealment
  9. dehydration
  10. amber and tarpits
73
Q

Perminieralization

A

A process of fossilization in which, organisms with hard bodys and with internal porous structure absorb minerals from environment preserving the original nature of the organism (frequent)

74
Q

Recrystallization

A

A process of fossilization that happens most often with organisms that have calctic hard body parts. The shells and porous internal structures of the organism are destroyed by the recrystallization and cannot be observed anymore.

75
Q

Moldic Fossilization

A

the dissolution for hard parts of the fossil after contact with chemically reactive fluids. When the chemical fluids entering the pores or cracks of the surface. and the hard part is dissolved, an empty space is left in the rock and this preserves the morphologic features of the fossil.

76
Q

cast in moldic fossilization

A

outer rock preserves the external features of the fossil

77
Q

mold in moldic fossilization

A

rock infill forms that preserve the internal features of the fossil

78
Q

Replacement

A

the empty space created in the rock after the dissolution of the fossil, is filled with newly precipitated minerals. These minerals enter through the rocks pores and openings.

79
Q

carbonization

A

Most common type of fossilization in plants and invertebrates. When dead body expels certain elements i.e oxygen, nitrogen, etc… as it starts to decay but carbon remains and then at temps below 225 degrees c, the organism is fossilized into a dark crystalized structure.

80
Q

Impregnation

A

when the organism that dies in areas of high consentration substances (calcium carbonate) and the soft tissue absorbs the substances and becomes rigid

81
Q

impressions

A

rapid burial occurs which preserves the shape of sometimes the internal structure of the organism, so soft body parts can be preserved in this process. Best preservation occurs if the impression is made right away before the organism decays

82
Q

congealment

A

At high altitudes with areas of permafrost, best situation for soft body preservation.

83
Q

Dehydration

A

In desert areas the dead organism’s fluids are equally dried out and the remaining structure can be preserved if covered with sand in a process of mummification

84
Q

fossilization of amber

A

the best full body preservation, thick and viscous substance that is why small organisms can be completely enclosed in it. From this scientists can pay a good attention to it.

85
Q

fossilization of tar pits

A

occurs where petroleum ascends from the crust and are oxidized to create a vicious material that can trap and preserve organisms

86
Q

mixed fossilization

A

In plants carbonization and permineralization can co-occur, but the most complex situation only 4 types of fossilization can occur in an organism: permineralization, carbonization, impregnation and impressions.

87
Q

Exceptional Preservation

A

This occurs when there is rapid burial and anoxic areas

88
Q

Lagerstatten -

A

sites of extrodinary fossil presevation they are almost “snapshot” in time.

89
Q

which processes of fossilization can lead to exceptional preservation?

A

fossilization in amber and tarpits, dehydration, congealment

90
Q

preservation of colour patterns is an example of what type of fossilization

A

exceptional preservation.

91
Q

what are the 4 eons

A

Hadean- earth was molten rock
Archean- the oldest rocks on earth
Proterozoic- longest eon that had mainly microscopical life
Phanerozoic- normal size organisms emerge in fossil record

92
Q

3 eras of phanerozoic eon

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

93
Q

Periods of the Paleozoic Era

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous (Mississippi and Pennsylvanian), Permian

94
Q

Periods of the Mesozoic Era

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

95
Q

Periods of the Cenozoic Era

A

Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

96
Q

Boundary between Hadean and

A

Boundaries is between Hadean and Archean is the oldest rock which is 4.08 billion yrs

97
Q

Boundaries between Proterozoic/Phanerozoic -

A

boundary is the processes that led to the massive development of exoskeletons

98
Q

Sir William Smith

A

principle of inclusion: the xenoliths (external rocks that have become part of the existing rock formation) are older than the rock that embeds them

99
Q

principle of cross-cutting relationships

A

cross-cutting younger than the cross-cut rock

100
Q

isotopic method

A

using radiometric dating to date rock, by looking at the radioactive decay rate

101
Q

the five kingdoms

A

Kingdom Bacteria- simple organisms without a nucleus or cytoplasm, prokaryotes

Kingdom Protista- eukaryotes, simple celled organism with a nuclei and cytoplasm, and external or internal protective structure

Kingdom Fungi- fossilized plant roots rhizoliths and endoliths, but the type vary

Kingdom Plantae- photosynthetic, multicellular eukaryotic organisms; higher algae with woody tissue and larger bodies

Kingdom Animalia- most evolved organisms on earth, multicellular eukaryotes

102
Q

binomial vs. trinomial

A

bionomial- two names

trinomial- three names

103
Q

Original Linneaean hierarchy

A

Kingdom, class, order, genus, species

104
Q

improved Linnaean hierarchy

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

105
Q

modern linaean hierarchy

A

kingdom, phylum, subphylum, superclass, class, subclass, infraclass, superorder, order, suborder, infraorder, superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies

106
Q

Prokaryotes

A

most primitive organism in the fossil record; without a well-defined nucleus and are solitary and colonial

107
Q

Effect of prokaryotes on the evolution of life -

A

The bacteria they develop using their life cycle changed the atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing which allowed the evolution of eukaryotes and sexual reproductive mechanisms.

108
Q

Characteristics of Algae (plant-like protistans)

A
  1. live in aquatic environments
  2. uni or multicellular with a defined nuclei in the cytoplasm
  3. lack mineralized parts put bodies are commonly impregnated with calcium carbonate at death because of the aquatic environment.
109
Q

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A

Oldest algal group -· different pigment, most primitive of the algae, first that evolved out of multicellularity, they grow as attachments of other living and non-living organisms, major oxygen producers of on earth

110
Q

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A

photosynthetic and occur in waters with solar energy, resemble the higher level plants. Occur in the Proterozoic era.

111
Q

Charophyta

A
  • multicellular
  • occur in brackish or tropical climates
  • no mineralized parts
  • reproductive process includes females producing the egg and letting it be filled with calcium carbonate to make it rigid and give it a protective structure. (commonly in the Paleozoic era)
112
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

autotrophic photosynthetic organism, evolved as a result of invasion of terrestrial environments

Geology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions