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Geology > Final Exam part 3 > Flashcards

Final Exam part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where are the oldest stromatolites found

A

In the fig tree formation

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2
Q

where are the earliest shelly animals known?

A

the late Neoproterozoic; Namibia

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3
Q

what organisms were present in Ediacharan times, “ediacharan organisms”

A
  • large size organisms
  • no hard body parts
  • no mineralized parts.
  • a lot of diversification within the organisms: including exo and endoskeletons
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4
Q

What is Cloudina?

A

oldest endo and exoskeleton

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5
Q

where was Cloudina discovered?

A

upper Proterozoic of Namibia

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6
Q

What is the structure of Cloudina

A

smooth appearance, tube like worm consisting of calcium carbonate; structure similar to that of Nnidarians, had spicles distributed through the soft tissue.

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7
Q

What was the abandoned assumption about the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary

A

It was thought that this boundary could be determined by the presence of lack there of exoskeletons, but this was proved wrong because of developments in the fossil record.

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8
Q

what are Trace fossils

A

fossils of unknown organisms; considered tubular worms

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9
Q

where are trace fossils located in the stratigraphic record

A

late Proterozoic/ late Vendian

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of late Proterozoic-early Cambrian

A 
Nemakit-Daldynian 
Tommotian 
Atdabarian 
Botomian 
Toyonian
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11
Q

What is the index fossil for the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary

A

Trichophycus pedum- this organism moved on the sediment and below the surface so organisms started digging under the sediment, an evolutionary step in the stratigraphic record and a dividing factor between the two boundaries.

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12
Q

Did Ediacarans live above or below the surface?

A

They lived above the sediment, organisms started digging under the sediment in the Cambrian and Edicarans are in late Precambrian

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13
Q

Why did organisms start living/digging underground; what is the significance of learning to dig underground

A

To hide for predators; underground they found new sources of nutrients which allowed for the diversification of trace fossils

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14
Q

what was the significance of trace fossils

A

the had something to do with the Agronomic revolution

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15
Q

what was the tommotion stage and what is its significance

A

it is the second stage between the late Proterozoic and early Cambrian, the earliest faunas occur in this stage

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16
Q

what is the latouchella

A

tommotian fauna; first gastropod

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17
Q

what is the structutre of latouchella

A

looks like a gastropod; coiled and slightly curved

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18
Q

what is the tommotion fauna

A

diverse group of organisms that evolved skeletons

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19
Q

what was the relationship between tommotion fauna and stromatolites

A

tommotion fauna were stromatolites’ first predators and the they led to significant decrease of the stromatolites

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20
Q

what are sclerites

A

long row of appendiges that played a protective role against small predators

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21
Q

what are the tree main tectonic structures

A
  1. Canadian shield- vistas of ancient rocks in Precambrian periods
  2. North American Platform
  3. Mobile Belt- oceans where techonomic movements occur
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22
Q

describe the evolution of earth’s climate

A

alternating succession between greenhouse and icehouse climate start as greenhouse

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23
Q

what is the relationship between the earth’s climate and the rate of evolution

A

there is higher evolution rate during greenhouse periods

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24
Q

what is the Sauk transgression

A

sea-level fluctuation which led to new ecological niches

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25
Q

where were the stromatolites located

A

In the Us/western interior, shallow waters in the intertide area during the tommotian

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26
Q

what are Archaeocyathids?

A

the first reef builders, and the second major step in diviersification

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27
Q

what is the structure of archaeocyathids?

A

shaped like a cup, calcitic, root-like structure, As an outer and inner wall with an empty space inside. The two walls are separated by longitudinal structures, and spores that allow fliter feeding.

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28
Q

what is the burgess shale

A

a structure discovered in british Colombia which was found 535 million years ago and in it they discovered organisms that did not resemble modern phyla

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29
Q

who discovered the burgess shale

A

Walcott

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30
Q

why were the organisms in the burgess shale well-preserved?

A

it was situtated in techtonic plates, subducted under one of the plates were there was a lot of volcanic eruption. Also, it was in anoxic conditions so water was toxic so there were no scavengers

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31
Q

what indicates that the burgess shale experienced anoxic conditions

A

the dark-colour of the sediment

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32
Q

what is Pikaia?

A

the oldest chordate;cephalocordate

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33
Q

what was the structure of the Pikaia

A

has a pair of small antennae at the head and tapering tale used for swimming

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34
Q

what is the Modern Brachiostoma

A

considred to be linked or descendant from the Pikaia,

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35
Q

what is the structure of the Brachiostoma

A
  1. Notochord
  2. V-shaped muscles
  3. mouth has tenticals
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36
Q

what is the Opabinia

A

Found in the Burgess shale, has 5 eyes and a well developed head and extended mouth, was the first organisms to dig in the sediment.

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37
Q

what is the Anomalocaris

A

first major predator that became cannibals because they were successful predators in the history of life found in the burgess shale

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38
Q

what is the structure of the Anomalocaris

A

two eyes on lateral sides of the head

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39
Q

when was the evolution of invertebrates

A

burgess shale, shelly fauna

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40
Q

bioturbation

A

distribution of sedminetary deposits by living organisms

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41
Q

agronomic revolution

A

diversification and consolidation of the burrowing faunas in the proximity of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary

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42
Q

what organisms produced trace fossils int eh Neoproterozoic

A

filter feeders

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43
Q

what was the impact of the agronomic revolution

A

new organisms evolved in seas and oceans

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44
Q

what happened to trilobites during the Cambrian explosion?

A

diversification

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45
Q

what are metazoans

A

multicellular organisms made out of tissue-grade with no organs

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46
Q

what characterizes the phylum cnidaria

A

they have a nematocysts- which is a cell that discharges paralyzing or killing poison

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47
Q

what are the two stages of the phylum Cnidaria

A

Polyp stage: asexual reproduction; root like structure attached to the sea floor (frequent in reefs)

Medusa stage: sexual reproduction, jelly-fish like organism (frequent in photic and aphotic zones)

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48
Q

what are the three classes of Cnidarian classification

A

Hydrozoa- marine/fresh water; polyp stage; no mineralized parts; late cretaceous
Scyphozoa- marine; lack hard body parts; occur in the fossil record only as impressions; Cambrian
Anthozoa- includes mos living cnidarians; polypstage; late proterozoic

49
Q

what is the class hydrozoa

A

Cnidaria that were marine and live in fresh waters, exist only in the polyp stage

50
Q

what are the subclasses of Class Anthozoa

A

Octocoralia- seapens and sea fans

Zoantharia- reef builders

51
Q

what are the three major orders of the subclass zoantaria

A

Order Tabulate
Order Rugosa
Order Scleractinia

52
Q

what are the characteristics of the order tabulate

A
  • They are in the subclass of zoantaria.
  • The individual organism is called corallite
  • There are horizontal plates called tabulae that separate the corallite, and they colonial not solitary
53
Q

what are the characteristic of the order Rugosa

A
  1. They evolved to be solitary as well as colonial
  2. Majority no longer have tabulates
  3. interior is separated by vertical structures called septae
  4. restricted to shallow waters because of symbiosis with algae
  5. the solitary ones are in the deeper waters and are called a hermatic corals
54
Q

what are ahermatic corals

A

tetracorals that are solitary and live in the deeper portions of the water.

55
Q

what types of symmetry do tetracorals have?

A
  1. Cardinal septum- not attached to a septa

2. Counter septum- attached to lower order septae.

56
Q

what are the lower septae of the tetracoral usually attached to

A

the alar and counter laterals

57
Q

what a columella?

A

thick calcareous structure at the center of the corallite

58
Q

when did the order scleratinia evolve?

A

After the great dying (Permian-Triassic boundary), all corals belong to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic period and therefore they exist during the 5 crisis of the Mesozoic period

59
Q

what are the 5 crisis of the Mesozoic

A
  • Cretaceous/Paleogene
  • Triassic/Jurassic
  • Permian/Triassic
  • Frasnian/Famennian
  • Ordovician/Silurian
    only the Permian/Triassic is a major crisis, the rest are major extinctions.
60
Q

what symmetry to tetra and hexacorals have

A
  • tetracoral: 4 fold

- hexacoral: 6 fold

61
Q

how are hexacorals classified

A

between hermatypic and ahermatypic

62
Q

What is the evolutionary process of hexacorals

A

started out symmetrical and circular then were stretched and elongated into complex structures

63
Q

How are septae added in hexacorals

A

in sets at 60 degrees

64
Q

how are the septae classified in hexacorals

A

the oldest septae- protoseptae

the others are known as- metaseptae

65
Q

What are the four major crisis in history of life and when did they happen

A
  1. early crust formation, during the archean times
  2. Reducing to oxidizing atmosphere: Archean to Proterozoic
  3. the snowball earth: cretatious people
  4. the great dying: the end of the phanerozoic
66
Q

what were the four major crisis and when did they happen

A
  1. early crust formation- formed due to the hot earth coming into contact with the cold outer space (archean)
  2. atmosphere formation- a result of volcanic outgassing (archean-proterozoic)
  3. ocean formation- accumulation of water from vapour condensation (snowball earth: Neoproterozoic/cryogenian)
  4. Catastrophic meteorite bombardment- planets being out of orbit. (end of the phanerozoic)
67
Q

what was lost and gained in the first crisis in the history of life

A

loss: primitive organisms
gain: stromatolites

68
Q

how did the second crisis in the history of life occur

A
  1. Increase of stromatolites which turned the atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing
69
Q

what was lost and what was gained from the second major crisis

A
  1. loss: death of organisms

2. gain: eukaryotes and sexual reproduction

70
Q

how did the third crisis in the history of life occur

A

the world became too cold

71
Q

what was lost and gained from the third crisis of life

A

mass extinction

evolvement of animal multicellularity

72
Q

what happened in the fourth crisis

A

whole earth became covered in stagnant water and high volcanic activity made earth too hot.

73
Q

what was lost and gaine during the fourth crisis

A

mass extinction: 90% of species lost

gain: evolution of conscience

74
Q

how did mammals evolve

A

before the great dying reptiles conquered the temperate regions of the earth, and before the great dying the produced a set of reptiles that led to mammals

75
Q

what are echniodermata?

A

marine organisms protected by a shell. Shell has many clcitic pieices called plates or sclerites

76
Q

what modern animals are considered Echinodermata

A

sea urchin, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, starfish, sand dollars

77
Q

what are the 5 echinoderms that dominated the odiovician

A 
Crinoidea 
Ophiuroidea
asterozoa 
Holothuroidea
echinoidea
78
Q

what are the characteristics of Crinioidea

A
  1. branches on the upper part of the body form a crown
  2. stalk has columnar plates connected with a ligament
  3. branches are united in a caly
79
Q

what are the characteristics of Asterozoa

A
  1. 5-fold symmetry
  2. coelomic cavity
  3. occur as isolated plates or sclerites
  4. eventually evolved out of pentameral symmetry to more complex symmetry
80
Q

what are the characteristics of Ophiuroidea

A
  1. 5-fold symmetry
  2. non coelomic cativity
  3. deep ocean habitat
  4. isolated plates or sclerites
81
Q

what are the characteristics of Echinozoa

A
  1. Pentameral symmetry

2. w/ or w/out superimposed bilateral symmetry

82
Q

how are echinozoa (echinids) classified

A

regular- pentameral; this form was there at beginning of evolution to the palozoic
irregular- pentameral with superimposed bilateral symmetry Mesozoic times is when they evolved a new symmetry

83
Q

what is blastoidea

A
  1. echinoderms from the odivician to the Permian
  2. attached to the sea-floor
    3.
84
Q

what is stylophora

A
  1. assymetrical
  2. flat test
  3. most moving in echniodersm
85
Q

how are the echinoderms before and after the great dying different

A

before: assymetrical
after: symmetrical

86
Q

what are Eocrinoidea

A

Similar structure to the Criniods very similar to blastoidea.body is protected by plates

  1. has pores
  2. root-like structure
87
Q

what is the stratigraphic range of Eocrinoidea

A

Cambrian to Silurian

88
Q

what is Helicoplacozoa

A

echinoderm that lacked any symmetry

  1. body is covered by calcitic plates
  2. has ambulacral and interambulacral zones
  3. no root-like structures
  4. no symmetry calcitc plates rotate around the organism
89
Q

what is the stratigraphic range of helicoplacozoa

A

lived only in the early Cambrian

90
Q

Tribracidium

A

considered the missing link with edrioasterodiea

91
Q

modern Lancelets

A

in modern seas and oceans.
transparent skin
v-shaped muscles

92
Q

what was the predator of the anomalocaris

A

myllokiunmingia

93
Q

what are conodonts and why are they significant

A

The are the link between notochords and vertebrates. They are composed of calcium phosphate and traces of organic matter

94
Q

what are characteristics of notochords

A
  1. They have a chewing apparatus
    2, bilateral symmetry
  2. lateral eyes
95
Q

what was the stratigraphy of notochords

A

born in the upper Cambrian evolved in the Cambrian Triassic period and reached their peak at the Paleozoic, became extinct at the third extinction because of the stagnant waters. After the great dying the evolved again and conquered, grew a lot because of the abundance of food in the oceans after the grate dying. Evolved very rapidly and diversely

96
Q

what category are the conodonts animals placed in

A

craniata

97
Q

what is special about conodont burial

A

the deeper their are buried the darker the colour so scientists are able to do a lot of measurements and analysis using it as a scale. It eventually tells us if hydrocarbons formed in the basin.

98
Q

where do vertebrates appear in the fossil record

A

The beginning of the Cambrian (not in the middle-upper Cambrian) then reappear in the Ordovician

99
Q

Sacabmbaspis

A

Agnathan, with 20 shields protecting its head making it protected from predators but slow moving. constrained to the bottom of the basin. In the early Ordovician

100
Q

Placoderms

A

Devonian marine animals that make the most evolutionary success and started to pursue the trophic chain. They were split into arthrorides and aniarachs

101
Q

Arthrorides vs. Aniarachs

A

Arthrorides- descendants of ostracorderms, became large predators
Aniarachs- do not swim frequently in oceans

102
Q

what are the important types of Devonian fish

A

sharks and bony fish

103
Q

characteristics of sharks

A
  1. Devonian period
  2. gave birth to living offspring unlike other fish at this point
  3. started out small
  4. Bones made of cartilage and flexible and their muscles heavy and strong this combo made them great swimmers
104
Q

what are bony fish

A

an important group of Devonian fish that had a bony skeleton.

105
Q

what are the two types of jaw development in bony fish

A

non protractile: new technique for fish to get oxygen into the blood and make the muscles stronger and increase speed. So they developed movement of the lower jaw to allow oxygen in

protractile: added technique of moving the upper jaw to allow even more oxygen in.

106
Q

What was the significance of the dipinio (lung fish)

A

They showed the next evolutionary step in fish, as they evolved a two part lung system like land vertebrates that allowed you stay on land for extended periods of time

107
Q

Lobbed Finned Fish

A

most evolved bony fish, first came in the lower Devonian and then diversified in the upper Devonian. Known for well-developed extended muscle tissue

108
Q

Summarize the survival techinques of the bony fish that led to their evolution

A
  1. Get Many
  2. Get faster
  3. Get out of the water
109
Q

when did the lobe-fined fish become extinct, and what is the updated date on this

A

Cretaceous period, it was actually found alive in the Indian ocean in the 1930s- Latimeria and then more were found in the deep oceans of Indonesia

110
Q

what is the morphology of Latimeria

A

Fish that has lower fins that act like ligs, similar to the modern day frog fish

111
Q

what are the biological differences between fish and amphibians

A

Respiration: fish: delicate to allow for filter breath, amphibians swallow air so there is need for a chest bone

112
Q

what are the stem tetrapods

A

Acanthostega: shorter muscles, compressed head, still attached to the water, needs to keep the skin wet

Icthyostega: stronger and more developed muscles, can be land for longer and go longer distances, similar to reptiles, eventually muscles became smaller in order to compensate for this lack of buoncy on land

113
Q

what two groups did the earliest tetrapods give birth to

A

Amphibia- led to the evolution of amphibians

Amniota- led to the birth of birds and mammals

114
Q

what are stem tetrapods

A

the organisms that are neither descendants of the amphibia or amniota groups

115
Q

What are Pederpes

A

first stem tetrapod with five toes, discovered in the carboniferous

116
Q

When was the diversification of stem tetrapods

A

the lower carboniferous

117
Q

what is Temnospondyls

A

the tetrapod that is considered the ancestor of amphibians

118
Q

what is Anthracosaurians

A

tetrapods that is the ancestor of the amniotes

119
Q

how are amnoites classified and what are these classifications

A

They are classified by the wholes in their skulls behind the eyes sockets
ANAPSID (no holes);

DIAPSID (two holes);

SYNAPSID (one hole).

Geology (5 decks)

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