MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
- Austrian monk
- Father of Genetics
- Performed breeding experiments w/ garden peas
- Found mathematical patterns of inheritance
Gregor Johann Mendel
scientific name of pea
Pisum sativum
His work was not appreciated until ____, ____ years after his death
1900…16
mendel died on___
1884
Mendel refuted “_______” of inheritance works without knowing anything about chromosomes or genes
blending theory
He figured that traits must be coded for by some kind of inheritable particle which he called “
———” and now “genes
factors
____were transmitted as independent entities from one generation to the next.
genes
Why did Mendel use peas?
Pea plant is self-fertilizing in nature but is easy to cross breed experimentally
Why did Mendel use peas?
The pea plant reproduces well and grows to maturity in a single season
The different hereditary characteristics are controlled by factors (genes) and that the factors occur in PAIRS
Law of Unit Characters
DEFINE:
Law of Unit Characters
The different hereditary characteristics are controlled by factors (genes)
When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominanant to the other, which is said to be recessive
Law of Dominance or Recessiveness
DEFINE:
Law of Dominance or Recessiveness
When 2 unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominanant to the other, which is said to be recessive
During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separated or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
Law of Segregation
DEFINE:
Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separated or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
The separation of pairs of genes and the distribution of genes to gametes during meiosis are entirely independent of the distribution of other gametes.
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes came in ____, separate in gametes and join randomly in ________
pairs
fertilization
Genotypes means _________ while phenotype means ____________
genetic endowment
observed trait
It plays a central role in mendelian genetics
chance
are expressed as probabilities. Thus deriving outcomes of genetic crosses requires an understanding of laws of probability
- genetic ratios
It is the ratio of the frequency of a given event to the frequency of all possible events.
probability
chance
plays a central role in mendelian genetics
the probability of the realization of one or the other two mutually exclusive events. A or B is the sum of their separate probabilities.
-Addition rule
The probability of two independent events. A and B being realized similtaneously is given by the product of their separate probabilities.
-Multiplication rule
evaluates the influence on genetic data.
Chi-square analysis
methods are used to predict the probabilities of phenotypes(and genotypes) from crosses involving two or more pairs.
Punnett square and forced-line
mechanism of gene transmission
Law of segregation
alleles segregate
Gametogenesis
alleles unite.
Fertilization
