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PSYCH 255 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A
  • “tissue within the skull’
  • produces & is affected by behavior

organ of soft nervous tissue that functions as coordinating centre of sensation & intellectual activity

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2
Q

Behavior

A

obserable phenomenon produced by NS that has both a cause & function

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3
Q

Behavior & Brain→ Nature vs. Nurture?

A

not reducible to being simply result of nature vs nurture

  • affected by BOTH
  • affect each other
  • inextricably linked
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4
Q

Perspectives on Brain & Behavior (3)

A

1) Mentalism
2) Dualism
3) Materialism

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5
Q

1) Mentalism
* who?

A

Aristotle

  • explanation of behavior as function of nonmaterial mind
    • mind (“soul/psyche”) found in heart & departed from body after death
    • brain cooled blood
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6
Q

2) Dualism

  • who?
  • behavior produced by?
    • location
A

Rene Descartes

  • 2 entities (nonmaterial mind & material body) contribute to behavior
    • mind directs rational behavior (through brain)
      • in pineal gland beside ventricles
      • regulates behavior/movement by directing flow of ventricular fluid to muscles
    • body/brain direct all other behaviors via mechanical & physical principles
      • sensation, movement digestion
  • influenced by mechanical devices of the time (hydraulics)
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7
Q

Dualism - Problems with Descartes Theory (3)

A

1) Mind-Body Problem
2) Pineal gland involved in biological rhythms but NOT intelligence or behavioral control
3) fluid is NOT pumped from ventricles to control movement

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8
Q

Mind-Body Problem

A

how does a non-material mind & physical brain/body interact?

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9
Q

3) Materialism
* supporting evidence?

A

behavior explained as function of NS without explanatory recourse to mind

  • EVIDENCE: case studies → people with brain damage indicate that brain controls behavior & produces mind

NO nonmaterial mind

  • mind has physical basis → BRAIN
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10
Q

Phineas Gage → significance?

A

story shows that changes to brain can change behavior

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11
Q

Evolution of Evolution

  • who?
A

Alfred Wallace & Charles Darwin struck by the many similarities (physical atrributes & behavior) among species

  • questioned how species could be so different yet similar at the same time
  • lead Darwin to propose his theory of Natural Selection
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12
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

  • involves?
  • how?
A

involves gradual change in frequency that a gene is expressed within a population

  • occurs over many generations
  • organisms with advantageous traits for given environment are able to survive & procreate
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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of differences in gene expression related to environment & experience

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14
Q

How are traits naturally selected?

A

source of variability (i.e. genetic mutation)

→ adaptive trait → ↑ chance of survival → trait passed on to offspring

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15
Q

Implications of Natural Selection for study of brain/behavior (3)

A

1) Brain/neurons are related
2) behaviors are related
3) complexity in brain & behavior evolved gradually, in response to environmental demands & experience

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16
Q

1) Brain/neurons are related

A

enables animal models for studying structures & functions

  • because all animal species are related, so too must their brains
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17
Q

2) behaviors are related

A

enables animal models for studying behaviors

  • all species of animals are related, so too must their behavior
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18
Q

Why study Brain & Behavior? (3)

A

1) how brain produces behavior is major unanswered scientific question
2) many behavioral disorders can be explained & potentially cured by understanding brain
3) brain = most complex living organ on Earth

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19
Q

1) how brain produces behavior is major unanswered scientific question

A

study brain for purpose of understanding humanity

understanding brain function allows improvements in many aspects of our world (educational/economic/social systems)

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20
Q

2) many behavioral disorders can be explained & potentially cured by understanding brain

A

2000+ disorders are related in some way to brain abnormalities

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21
Q

Anterior

A

frontal

rostral

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22
Q

Posterior

A

caudal

back

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23
Q

Dorsal

A

superior

above

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24
Q

Ventral

A

Inferior

below

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25
Q

Medial

A

middle

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26
Q

Lateral

A

side

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27
Q

Dorsal side

spinal cord vs. brain

A

spinal cord: back

  • think animal on all fours

brain: top of head

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28
Q

(3) Planes

A

1) Horizontal
2) Sagittal
3) Coronal

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29
Q

1) Horizontal

A

aka Axial/Transverse

  • divides body into superior & inferior parts
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30
Q

2) Sagittal
* (2) types

A

vertical plane passing from anterior to posterior, dividing body into right & left halves

a) mid-sagittal: sagittal plane through midline
b) parasagittal: any plane parallel to sagittal plane

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31
Q

3) Coronal Plane

A

any vertical plane that divides body into dorsal & ventral sections

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32
Q

Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral

A

In reference to pathways within the body

  • Contralateral = situated on/coordinated with opposite side of body
  • Ispilateral = belonging to/occurring on same side of the body
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33
Q

Afferent vs. Efferent

A

Afferent = incoming info (sensory) into CNS

Efferent = outgoing info leaving CNS

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34
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Afferent nerves
A

sensory pathways

  • nerve impulses conducting from receptors/sense organs towards CNS
  • dendrites pick up sensory stimuli
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35
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Efferent nerves
A

motor pathways

  • conduct nerve impulses away from CNS to effector organs
  • axons receive impulse from cell body
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36
Q

Interneurons

A
  • located in CNS
  • connect sensory & motor neurons
  • play role in reflex arc
    • allow quicker responses without involving brain
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37
Q

Primary Functions of the Brain (3)

A

1) Create a sensory reality
2) Store & integrate information
3) Produce behavioral response in response to information

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38
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN:

1) Create a sensory reality

A
  • varies across species
    • more acute/sensitive senses (i.e. dogs)
  • varies across individuals
    • i.e. rods/cones (color blind)
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39
Q

Nervous System

  • made up of? (3)
  • functions?
A

1) Brain
2) Spinal Cord
3) Nerves

  • recieves information (via nerves)
  • interprets information (via brain)
  • generates responses to information (through spinal cord to effector organs)
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40
Q

Nervous System

  • divided into (2) main parts
A

1) CNS
2) PNS

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41
Q

CNS

  • functions?
  • (2) parts
A
  • recieves, processes, interprets, stores & responds to sensory information
    1) Brain
    2) Spinal cord - bridge b/w brain & peripheral nerves
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42
Q

2) Spinal Cord
* definition

A

collection of neurons & supportive tissue running from base of brain down center of back

  • protected by spinal column
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43
Q

2) Spinal Cord
* injury

A

INJURY leads to paralysis

  • Quadriplegia
  • Paraplegia
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44
Q

Quadriplegia

A

partial/total inability to move all four limbs

  • caused by damage to cervical spinal cord segments (C1-C6)
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45
Q

Paraplegia

A

partial/total inability to move lower limbs

  • caused by damage to thoracic, lumbar or sacral region of spinal cord
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46
Q

2) Spinal Cord
* roles

A
  • role in voluntary movement & automatic functions
    • carries sensory info to brain
    • carries motor commands from brain
  • controls spinal reflex
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47
Q

Spinal Cord → Spinal REFLEX

A

automatic response to sensory information that is independant of brain

  • sensation at side relayed to neurons in spinal cord via sensory pathway
  • spinal cord returns signal along motor pathway causing “reflex”
  • signal is also sent to brain, alerting it to sensation & response
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48
Q

Example of Spinal Reflex

  • describe
A

Patellar Reflex

  • stimuli (tap below knee) → AP in muscle spindle within quad
  • travels to spinal cord via sensory neuron → Glu release @ synapse
    • motor neuron activated → quadricep contraction (extension)
    • interneuron activated → inhibitory Glycine release → inhibit antagonist muscles causes hamstring relaxation
      • detect info, determines which muscle to contract & stimulates motor response (coordinate reflex)
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49
Q

Interneuron role in Spinal Reflexes

A

integration of motor commands & sensory feedback signals is used to control muscle activity during movement

  • coordinate reflex
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50
Q

Spinal Cord Regions (5)

A
  • Cervical (C1-C6)
  • Thoracic (T1-T12)
  • Lumbar (L1-L5)
  • Sacral (S1-S5)
  • Coccygeal
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51
Q

PNS

  • functions
  • divided into (2) main systems
A
  • provides information to CNS
  • provided with response information from CNS

1) Somatic NS
2) Autonomic NS

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52
Q

1) Somatic NS

A

consists of spinal & cranial nerves

  • sensory info from receptors in skin/muscles/joints/sense organs recieved by sensory nerves & sent to CNS
  • motor nerves carry messages from CNS to skeletal muscles to produce movement
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53
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • monitored by brain
  • sensory, motor or mixed (both)
  • supply:
    • sense organs
    • face & head muscles

4 involved in Parasympathetic Division of ANS

  • oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
  • many are attached at brainstem region
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54
Q

Cranial Nerves (12)

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory Vestibular
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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55
Q

Olfactory

A

1

smell

sensory

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56
Q

Optic

A

2

sensory

vision

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57
Q

Oculomotor

A

3

motor

eye movement

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58
Q

Trochlear

A

4

motor

eye movement

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59
Q

Trigeminal

A

5

mixed

masticatory movements & facial sensations

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60
Q

Abducens

A

6

Motor

eye movement

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61
Q

Facial

A

7

mixed

facial movement & sensation

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62
Q

Auditory Vestibular

A

8

sensory

hearing & balance

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63
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

9

mixed

tongue & pharynx movement & sensation

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64
Q

Vagus

A

10

mixed

  • sensory info about heart, BV, viscera
  • movement of larynx & pharynx
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65
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

11

motor

neck muscles

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66
Q

Hypoglossal

A

12

motor

tongue muscles

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67
Q

Mnemonic to remember:

a) Cranial Nerves
b) sensory/motor/mixed

A

a) Oh Oh Oh Tiny Tits Are Fun And Give Virgins Awkward Hips
b) Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

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68
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

monitored by spinal cord

  • each contains both sensory & motor fibers
  • supplies a single dermatome
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69
Q

DERMATOME

A

region of body that corresponds to particular spinal nerve that it is innervated by

area of skin supplied by a particular spinal nerve

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70
Q

Law of Bell & Magendie

A

Sensory fibers → dorsal side of spinal cord (→ CNS)

Motor fibers → ventral side of spinal cord (→ body)

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71
Q

Spinal Nerves

  • Ventral vs. Dorsal Fibers
A

Ventral Fibers

  • carry info from spinal cord → muscles

Dorsal Fibers

  • carry info from body → spinal cord
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72
Q

PNS → Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • regulates glands, BV & internal organs
    • internal environment
    • involuntary
  • comprised of (2) independant systems:
    • Sympathetic NS
    • Parasympathetic NS
73
Q

Sympathetic NS

  • location
  • functions
A

Innervates @ thoracic & lumbar level of spinal cord

→ STIMULATORY

- arouses body during times of stress

  • sexual arousal
  • initiates fight or flight response
74
Q

ANS → Parasympathetic NS

A

→ INHIBITORY

  • allows body to rest & digest
  • 4 cranial nerves & spinal nerves @ sacral level
    • ocolumotor (III)
    • facial (VII)
    • glossopharyngeal (IX)
    • vagus (X)
75
Q

Parasympathetic Function of 4 Cranial Nerves involved in ANS

A

Oculomotor (III) → contracts pupils

Facial (VII) → salivation

Glossopharyngeal (IX) → salivation

Vagus (X) → slows heartbeat, constricts airways, digestion, stimulates bladder & erection

76
Q

Effect of Sympathetic NS on…

1) pupils
2) salivation
3) airways
4) heartbeat
5) digestion
6) glucose release
7) bladder
8) genitals

A

1) dilates
2) inhibits ↓
3) relaxes
4) accelerates ↑
5) inhibits ↓
6) stimulates ↑
7) contracts
8) stimulates ejaculation

77
Q

Effect of Parasympathetic NS on…

1) pupils
2) salivation
3) airways
4) heartbeat
5) digestion
6) glucose release
7) bladder
8) genitals

A

1) contracts
2) stimulates
3) constricts
4) slows ↓
5) stimulates ↑
6) ↓
7) stimulates ↑
8) stimulates erection

78
Q

Brain

  • Surface Features
A

Meninges - tough triple-layered protective covering

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid layer

→subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

  • pia mater
79
Q

Meninges

(1) Dura Mater

A

“hard mother”

  • tough double layer of fibrous tissue enclosing brain & spinal cord in loose sac
80
Q

Meninges

(2) Arachnoid Layer

A

thin sheet of delicate CT

web-like fibers extend into subarachnoid space & attach to pia mater

81
Q

Meninges

(3) Pia Mater

A

“soft mother”

delicate inner membrane of CT fibers that adheres to brain’s surface

  • thin, translucent
  • contains capillaries
82
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

space between arachnoid layer & pia mater

  • filled with cerebrospinal fluid to cushion brain
83
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • functions (2)
A

clear solution of NaCl that fills ventricles

  • circulates around brain & spinal cord in subarachnoid space
  • cushions brain
  • transports substances in/out of brain (waste/nutrients)
84
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

thin folded film of nervous tissue that forms outer layer of forebrain

85
Q

(3) parts of cerebral cortex

A

1) Gyri
2) Sulci
3) Fissures

86
Q

1) Gyri

A

bumps/ridges in brain’s folded surface (cerebral cortex)

87
Q

2) Sulci

A

depressions/grooves in cerebral cortex surrounding gyrus

- usually found in neocortex or cerebellum

88
Q

3) Fissures

A

large furrow that divides brain into lobes & hemispheres

89
Q

Major Fissures (3)

A

1) Central
2) Longitudinal
3) Lateral (Sylvian)

90
Q

Fissures →

1) Central

A

seperates frontal & parietal lobe

91
Q

Fissures →

2) Longitudinal

A

seperates left & right hemispheres

92
Q

Fissures →

3) Lateral (Sylvian)

A

seperates frontal & parietal lobe from temporal lobe

93
Q

BRAIN → Major Surface Structures

A

1) 4 Lobes
a. occipital
b. parietal
c. temporal
d. frontal
2) cerebellum
3) brainstem
4) cranial nerves

94
Q

LABEL DIAGRAMS OF BRAIN

A

Views:
Lateral

Medial

Ventral

Dorsal

95
Q

Brain → Internal Features

A

1) White Matter
2) Gray Matter
3) Ventricles

96
Q

1) White Matter

A

areas of NS rich in fat-sheathed neural axons (myelin)

  • arranged in dorsal & ventral tracts
  • form connections between brain cells
97
Q

2) Gray Matter

A

areas of NS mostly composed of cell bodies & capillary blood vessels

  • function to collect /modify info or support this activity
98
Q

3) Ventricles

A

cavities in brain that produce & contain CSF that cushions brain & plays role in brain metabolism

99
Q

Ventricular System (4)

A

CSF flow:

  1. lateral ventricles
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle

→ cerebral aqueduct (canal running length of spinal cord)

100
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

paired, one in each hemisphere

extend laterally in cerebrum

101
Q

Third Ventricle

A

at midsagittal line between lateral ventricles

  • between thalami in diencephalon
102
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

between cerebellum & brainstem

103
Q

Functions of Ventricles (2)

A

1) role in brain metabolism
2) cushions brain (protection)

104
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

band of white matter fibers connecting left & right hemisphere to allow communication between them

105
Q

Principal Structures of CNS

A

1) Spinal Cord
2) Brainstem
3) Forebrain

106
Q
A

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

brainstem

cerebellum

107
Q

(2) main types of cells in the Brain

A

1) Neurons - carry out brain’s major function
2) Glial Cells - aid/modulate neuron’s activities

109
Q

Principle of Levels of Function

A
  • replicated function
  • add new skills
  • increase brain size & behavioral complexity
110
Q

Principle of Levels of Function

  • replicated function
  • add new skills
  • increase brain size & behavioral complexity

EXPLAIN

A

brain has evolved functional levels that overlap in purpose & allow for growing complexity of behavior

  • newer levels partly replication functions of older ones
  • each new level of training adds new abilities that overlap build on previously acquired skills
111
Q

Brainstem

A

central structures of brain

  • extends upward from where spinal cord enters brain & into lower areas of forebrain
  • controls movement
  • creates basic sensory reality
  • responsible for most unconscious behavior
112
Q

Brainstem

  • (3) parts
A

1) Hindbrain - top (forearm)
2) Midbrain - middle (wrist)
3) Diencephalon - lowest (fist)

113
Q

Brainstem > HINDBRAIN

  • composed of? (4)
A

1) Medulla Oblongata
2) Pons
3) Cerebellum
4) Reticular Formation

114
Q

BRAINSTEM > Hindbrain

1) Medulla Oblongata

A

continuation of spinal cord in skull

  • vital functions
  • contains control centres for heart & lungs
    • ​regulates breathing & CV system
  • gag reflex
  • damage = DEATH
115
Q

Brainstem > HINDBRAIN

2) Pons

  • location
  • functions
A

between midbrain (above) & medulla oblongata (below) & in front of cerebellum

  • bridge
    • nuclei within recieve inputs from cerebellum & form bridge to rest of brain
116
Q

Brainstem > Hindbrain

3) Cerebellum

A

under cerebral hemispheres

  • motor coordination (timing/rhythm/dexterity)
  • cognitive functions
    • involved in basic procedural memory
    • vital for conditioning (association b/w stimuli & intended motor response)
117
Q

Brainstem > HINDBRAIN

4) Reticular Formation

A

extends length of brainstem at core

  • netlike mixture of neurons (gray matter) & nerve fibers (white matter)
  • nuclei localized along length into small patches
    • each has special function in stimulating forebrain
  • Reticular Activating System (RAS)
118
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

responsible for regulating arousal/wakefulness & sleep-wake transitions

  • ​helps mediate transitions from relaxed wakefulness to attentive state
119
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

  • ​parts (2)
A

1) Tectum
2) Tegmentum

120
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

1) Tectum

  • composed of? (2)
A

4 bumps on posterior region located dorsally

  • sensory component of midbrain
    • recieves ​sensory info from eyes & ears

1) Superior Colliculi
2) Inferior Colliculi

121
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

1) Tectum
* Functions of Colliculi

A
  • sensory-motor coordination
    • process sensory info
    • produce orienting movements related to sensory inputs
      • used for reflexive orienting

i.e. automatically turn to look at source of sound

122
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

1) Tectum
a. Superior Colliculi

A

VISUAL

  • recieves large bundle of nerve fibers from optic nerve
123
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

1) Tectum
a. Inferior Colliculi

A

AUDITORY

  • recieves input from auditory pathways
124
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

2) Tegmentum

A

anterior region ventral to tectum

  • composed of many nuclei
  • involved in sensation & movement-related functions
  • perception of pain
125
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

2) Tegmentum
* composed of? (3)

A

1) Red Nucleus
2) Substantia Nigra
3) Periaqueductal Gray Matter

126
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

Tegmentum

1) Red Nucleus

  • location & function
A

controls limb movements

  • coordination/control

paired nuclei between substantia nigra & reticular formation

127
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

Tegmentum

2) Substantia Nigra

  • damage/destruction causes?
A

connected to forebrain

  • dark colour due to dopamine
  • many effects mediated by striatum
  • allows basal ganglia to function normally

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease related to destruction of substantia nigra

128
Q

Brainstem > Midbrain

Tegmentum

3) Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A

made up of cell bodies that surrounds aqueduct that joins 3rd & 4th ventricles

  • contains circuits controlling species-typical behavior
  • important role in modulation of pain by opioid drugs
    • ​contains receptors for endogenous cabinoids (i.e. morphine/marijuana)
129
Q

Brainstem > Diencephalon

A

integrates sensory & motor info on its way to cerebral cortex

130
Q

Brainstem > Diencephalon

  • principal structures (2)
A

1) Hypothalamus
2) Thalamus

131
Q

Brainstem > Diencephalon

1) Hypothalamus

A

paired structure inferior & anterior to thalamus

Mediates autonomic functions/responses & hormones

  • controls hormone production with pituitary gland
  • ​eating/drinking, sexual behavior, temperature regulation, emotional behavior & sleeping
132
Q

Brainstem > Diencephalon

3) Thalamus

A

sensory & motor gateway

  • recieves inputs from all sensory systems → integration & relay to appropriate cortical region
    • <em>i.e. optic tract send info to lateral geniculate nucleus, which sends processes & sends it to visual region of cortex in each hemisphere </em>
133
Q

Principal Structures of Brain:

3) Forebrain
* composed of? (3)

A
  • largest region of mammalian brain
    1) Neocortex (Cerebral cortex)
    2) Limbic System
    3) Basal Ganglia
134
Q

Forebrain

1) Basal Ganglia

  • location & function
A
  • collection of nuclei below white matter of cortex
  • connected to thalamus & midbrain
  • control/coordination of voluntary movement (NOT PRODUCE) with thalamus, substantia nigra & subthalamic nucleus
    • force/exertion
135
Q

Forebrain

1) Basal Ganglia
* principal structures? (3)

A

1) Caudate nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus

136
Q

Forebrain > Basal Ganglia

1) Caudate nucleus
* location

A

tail

paired structure

forms dorsal striatum with putamen

  • near midline, above thalamus & directly below lateral ventricles
137
Q

Forebrain > Basal Ganglia

2) Putamen

A

round structure at base of forebrain

  • regulates movement & influences types of learning
138
Q

Forebrain > Basal Ganglia

3) Globus Pallidus

A

paired structure medial to putamen

  • internal & external portion
  • pale appearance due to numerous myelinated axons
  • recieves input from caudate & putamen (striatum) & routed to thalamus
    • ​inhibitory output
      • ​DIRECTLY → by globus pallidus interna
      • INDIRECTLY → globus pallidus externa passes info to interna
139
Q

Forebrain > Basal Ganglia

  • Dysfunction/Disease/Disorder? (3)
A

1) Parkinson’s
2) Tourette’s Syndrome
3) Huntington’s

140
Q

1) Parkinson’s Disease
* cause?

A

disorder of motor system characterized by severe tremors & rigidity

  • most common in elderly
  • reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells caused by cell death in substantia nigra
141
Q

2) Tourette’s Syndrome

  • characterized by?
  • cause?
  • treatment?
A

disorder characterized by various motor tics, involuntary vocalizations & odd, involuntary movement of body (face/head)

  • caused by dysfunction in thalamus, basal ganglia & frontal cortex
  • treated by reducing dopamine
142
Q

3) Huntington’s Disease
* cause?

A

neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination & leads to mental decline & behavioral symptoms

  • input pathways affected
    • caudate & putamen
  • movement release
    • erratic, uncontrolled
143
Q

Forebrain > Limbic System

  • location
  • general function
  • principal structures (3)
A

between neocortex & brainstem ​

  • involved in emotion & memory processing
  • role in rewarding properties of psychoactive drugs

composed of:

a) Amygdala
b) Hippocampus
c) Cingulate Cortex

144
Q

Forebrain > Limbic System

a) Amygdala

A
  • paired structure at base of caudate nucleus
  • evaluates significance of info received
  • emotion processing
    • recognition of emotion in others
145
Q

Forebrain > Limbic System

a) Amygdala

  • damage?
  • activity
A

damage to amygdala results in tame behavior in situations that would otherwise evoke fear/stress

  • increased activity in people with depression/anxiety
    *
146
Q

Forebrain > Limbic System

b) Hippocampus

  • location
  • function
A

paired horseshoe-shaped structure forming lower part of border

  • involved in:
    • memory → semantic (facts/places)
    • spatial navigation (directions
    • turning OFF stress response
      • ​recieves info on stress hormone levels
  • site of neurogenesis
147
Q

Forebrain > Limbic System

c) Cingulate Cortex

A

above corpus callosum

  • cognitive & emotional processing
  • similar functions as prefrontal cortex
    • ​active in attention, planning, decision-making, motivational states
148
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

  • location
  • function
  • composed of? (4)
A
  • outermost layer
  • creates & responds to perceptual world
  • sophisticated processing

4 lobes:

a) Occipital
b) Parietal
c) Temporal
d) Frontal

149
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

a) Occipital

  • location
  • function
A

Posterior part of brain

  • visual functions (initial perception)

primary visual cortex ​- recieves info from thalamus & sends to other associated (extrastriate) regions for further processing

  • tuned for color, movement, lines/orientation, shapes
150
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

a) Occipital
* damage

A

deficits in processing visual info

i.e. unable to identify shape/color of objects

151
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

b) Parietal

  • location
  • functions (3)
  • regions
A

anterior to occipital lobe & above temporal lobe

Primary Somatosensory Cortex → tactile function (process info related to sense of touch) & sends to association cortices

  • spatial processing (prioprioception)
  • movement programming (directing towards goal/task)
  • 2 point discrimination

Dorsal-Visual Stream

152
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

b) Parietal
* damage

A

difficulties identifying/locating stimulation on skin

153
Q

Dorsal Visual Stream

A

“where” & “how” stream

pathway from primary visual cortex (V1) in occipital lobe into parietal lobe

  • involved in spatial awareness & guiding actions
  • info about body integrated with visual info
154
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

b) Parietal Lobe

  • damage?
A

damage causes loss of movement coordination

Apraxia = motor programming impairment

  • difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks
    e. g., asked to use scissors → can’t show how to use, apply to wrong target, grab wrong part,
155
Q

Split Brain Patients

A

severed corpus callosum used to treat severe epilepsy​

  • inhibits communication between hemispheres
  • may experience alien-limb syndrome
    • ​limb engages in movement without individual’s awareness/control over action
  • image shown only in left VF → can’t say what they saw
    • left VF → right hemisphere
    • language processing → left hemisphere
156
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

c) Temporal Lobe

  • location
  • function
  • important regions (2)
  • involved in?
A

lateral side of brain below parietal & frontal lobe

  • visual recognition (Ventral-Visual Stream)
  • role in memory
    • ​recognizing people (contains hippocampi)

Primary Auditory Cortex → auditory functions (music/language)

Wernicke’s Area

  • Ventral-Visual Stream
157
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

c) Temporal Lobe
* Ventral-Visual Stream

A

“what” stream

associated with object recognition & representation & long-term memory storage

158
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

c) Temporal Lobe
* Wernicke’s Area

A

posterior part of temporal lobe

  • involved in:
    • production of written & spoken language
    • language comprehension
159
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

c) Temporal Lobe

  • Wernicke’s Area
    • damage?
A

Aphasia

  • fluent → connect words but lack meaning
  • lack of comprehension (difficulty recognizing words)
160
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

c) Temporal Lobe
* damage?

A

Agnosia

- inability to recognize objects/faces/sounds

161
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

d) Frontal Lobe

A

anterior lobe

  • ensures behavior is context-appropriate (Prefrontal Cortex)
  • performs executive functions
  • programming movement
    • precise (aided by basal ganglia & cerebellum)

Primary Motor Cortex

Broca’s Area

162
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

d) Frontal Lobe
* Broca’s area

A

motor aspect of language

  • speech production
  • involved in writing words
163
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

d) Frontal Lobe

  • Broca’s area
    • ​damage
A

non-fluent aphasia

  • meaningful words but broken/stuttered speech
164
Q

Forebrain > Neocortex

d) Frontal Lobe
* damage

A

difficulties organizing ongoing behavior & planning for future

165
Q

Cytoarchectonics

  • significance?
A

microscopic study of body tissue’s cellular composition

  • used to make cortical maps based on cell organization, structure & distribution
166
Q

Brodmann’s maps

A

differentiated cortical areas using cell characteristics

167
Q

How else is the cortex mapped? (2)

A
  • fMRI (functional MRI)
  • brain stimulation
168
Q

(10 Principles of NS function

A

1) NS creates movement & perception
2) Forever Changing (Plasticity)
3) Many Brain Circuits are Crossed
4) CNS has multiple levels of function
5) Brain is Symmetrical & Asymmetrical
6) Hierarchical & Parallel Organization
7) Sensory & Motor Divisions
8) Sensory input divided for object recognition & motor control
9) Localized & Distributed Functions
10) Uses Excitation & Inhibition

169
Q

1) NS creates movement & perception

A

NS creates perceptual reality & allows us to act within it

170
Q

2) Forever Changing (Plasticity)

A

brain is physically changed by experience

  • plasticity = brain’s ability to change
171
Q

3) Many Brain Circuits are Crossed

A

most sensory & motor inputs to/from brain are contralateral

172
Q

4) CNS has multiple levels of function

A

sensory & motor processing occurs at many levels of CNS (spinal cord, brainstem & forebrain)

  • higher levels allow for more elaborate processing
173
Q

5) Brain is Symmetrical & Asymmetrical

A

Structural

  • symmetry - primary sensory/motor cortices
  • asymmetry - Wernicke’s area (larger in left H)

Functional

  • symmetry - sensory & motor control
  • asymmetry - language (left/Wernicke’s) vs music (right except musicians)
174
Q

6) Hierarchical & Parallel Organization

A

hierarchical systems process info in series of steps with increasing complexity

parallel system processes info concurrently

  • same info processed dif places & ways
175
Q

7) Sensory & Motor Divisions

A

Peripheral NS

  • spinal & cranial nerves = mixed

Central NS

  • spinal cord to cortex
176
Q

8) Sensory input divided for object recognition & motor control

A

sensory info used for:

  • motor control (dorsal visual stream)
  • object recognition (ventral visual stream)

these processes take place in parallel but distinct regions

177
Q

9) Localized & Distributed Functions

A

basic functions are localized (controlled by specific brain region)

complex functions are distributed (multiple localized areas play role in function)

178
Q

10) Uses Excitation & Inhibition

A

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic

PSYCH 255 (7 decks)

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