Midterm #1 Flashcards
what is development
- series of changes that could be for better or worse
- these changes involve trade offs
what are the 8 stages in lifespan development
- prenatal: conception-birth
- infancy: birth-18m
- early childhood: 18m-6y
- middle childhood: 6-11y
- adolescence: 11-20y
- early adulthood: 20-40y
- middle adulthood: 40-65y
- late adulthood - 65+
Chronological age
Number of months or years since an individuals birth
Developmental age
- The chronological age at which most show a particular level of physical or mental development
- ex/ developmental age for walking without assistance is 12 months
how is developmental and chronological age compared to determine if an individual is advanced?
- developmental age / chronological age >1, the person is advanced
Normative investigations
Research efforts designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage.
Longitudinal design
- The same participants are observed repeatedly
- sometimes over many years.
Cross-sectional design
Groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time.
What are advantages of longitudinal design
- Identification of individual differences
- can test a partitial hypothesis with cause & outcome
- direction of causation
What are didadvantages of longitudinal design
-Time consuming and costly
- data is completely lost by drop outs
- data contamination occurs via: biased sampling, practice effects, cohort effects
What is the cohort effect
- Cohort: group of people whowere born around the same time and grew up in similar cultural conditions
- idea that the same cohort ages as a group and therefor the condition follows that group rather than being correlated to a year
What are the advantages to a cross-sectional design
- takes less time to complete
-Less costly - not subject to practice effects
What are the disadvantages to cross-sectional design
- Cannot tell if early event has an impact on later event
- cohort effects
What are the two types of intelligence
Fluid and crystallized
what is fluid intelligence
- speed of reasoning
- memory
- declines as you age
what is crystallized intelligence
- world knowledge
- ex/ vocabulary
- increases over the lifetime
When does fluid intelligence start to decline
Early adulthood
How does aging affect memory
- Aging causes memory deficits even in highly educated individuals
- memory of general knowledge (semantic memory) that was acquired long ago is unaffected
- memory of personal events (episodic memory) that occurred long ago is unaffected
What is transience?
Tendency to lose access to info across time
What is absent mindedness
- Failure to remember info because of insufficient attention
What is the strange situation test?
- Widely used research
What occurs in the developmental stage of adolescence
- Identity vs role confusion
-Trying out different roles to see what works
What is Marcia’s identity status model?
- Graph that combines exploration and commitment into 4 categories
- high commitment, low exploration = foreclosure (makes choice without thinking)
- high commitment, high exploration = identity achievement (I’ve thought about it and (know)
-Low commitment, low exploration = identity diffusion (don’t know, don’t care)
-Low commitment, high exploration = moratorium (I’m thinking about what I should do)
What is a typical progression for adolescents with Marcia’s model
Identity diffusion → moratorium → identity achievement
What happens to adolescents who fail identify achievement?
- Enter adulthood w/o solid sense of who they are or what is meaningful
-Bounce roles and relationships
What is the emerging social need in early adolescence (12 16y)
-Intimacy and passion
What is the red zone?
- period of time early in one’s 1st year in uni during which women are thought to be at particularly high risk of unwanted sexual experiences
Parameters of the Red Zone vary from one college to another in the United States. Here are some suggestions:
– Between August and November
– Between freshman move-in and fall break (mid October) – Between freshman move-in and the first week of classes – The first 6 weeks of the fall semester
What is the reason for year 1 red zone
- Partying
- alcohol consumption
- social vulnerability of 1st year students
What are the 3 stages of date rape
1) isolation
2) intrusion
3) desensitization
What becomes a priority in adulthood?
1) social relationships
2) personal accomplishments
What are the communication patterns that are a list factor for divorce
- Contempt
- Criticism
3, defensiveness
4, stonewalling
What is the middle adulthood developmental outcome?
Generativity: ability to generate something that an individual cares about in life (career or family)
- commitment beyond one self
- occurs in 30 - 40s
What is maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Bottom stop
Physiological
Safety
Love/ belonging
Esteem
Self actual actions
What is the evolutionary approach to motivation
- Goal of life is to reproduced & ensure the survival of the species
