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Sociology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Collective Conscience

A

The shared values of society

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2
Q

Functionalist Theories

A

Theories that examine how different elements of society collectively contribute to its overall function

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3
Q

Social Equilibrium

A

Balance and stability within a social system

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4
Q

Modernity

A

Shifts in society over time brought about by science, technology that contributed to an urban industrial economy

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5
Q

Social Solidarity

A

The collective bonds that connect

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6
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Society consists of diverse groups that are always in conflict with one another to acquire resources (wealth, power, prestige)

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7
Q

Modern Conflict Theory

A

Conflict theory but expanded to encompass more types of social conflict over more values (eg religion) and disparities in social values

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8
Q

Interactionist Perspective

A

Focuses on daily social interactions among individuals rather than overarching societal structures
Asserts that interactions are the best means of understanding greater societal dynamics

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9
Q

The theorists

A

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber, Talcott Parsons

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10
Q

Karl Marx

A

Influenced conflict theory
Theories revolved around the working-class taking advantage of workers
Anti-capitalist!

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11
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Influenced functionalism
Collective conscious, social solidarity, issues of the sacred and profane

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12
Q

Max Weber

A

influenced functionalism and conflict theory
Interested in how the modern world moved away from traditional ways of thinking
Believed bureaucracy did this. Necessities in bureaucracy:
1. division of labor
2. hierarchy
3. qualification based employment
4. rules and regulations
Also focused on charismatic leaderss

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13
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

“grand scale” theorist
social action theory, systems theory, AGIL system

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14
Q

Social Action Theory

A

linking individual actions to broader social systems

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15
Q

Systems Theory

A

Cultural system: values and norms shaping self-choices
Personal system: individual motives
Social system: interrelation between actors

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16
Q

AGIL system

A

Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Latent Pattern Maintenance

four basic functions that any social system needs to perform to survive and thrive

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17
Q

sociological imagination

A

mindset that enables one to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for individuals (role of social forces in shaping society)

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18
Q

Types of social solidarity

A

mechanical solidarity:
common values and beliefs
limited division of labor
traditional society
collective conscience

organic solidarity:
division of labor
exchanges and services
modern society
interdependence

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19
Q

sacred and profane

A

sacred: protected
profane: prohibited, not collective

20
Q

elements of bureaucracy according to max weber

A

division of labor
hierarchy
rules and regulations
qualification-based employment

21
Q

Merton’s theory of deviance

A

conformity + +
monetary success, working hard

innovation + -
wealth through illegal means

ritualism - +
rejecting wealth, yes education

retreatism - -
rejecting ends and means (outsider)

rebellion - -
rejecting both and seeking to change systems

22
Q

manifest and latent functions

A

manifest: intended and observed outcomes of an action or structure

latent: unintended or unrecognized outcome

23
Q

false consciousness

A

one does not realize/understand their own oppression
breaking free from the system is impossible

24
Q

the stratification systems

A

slavery
caste system- status determined by birth
estate system- ownership of land
social class- based on economic status, wealth, and income

25
Q

stratification: structural-functionalist

A

stratification in essential for society to function

inequality exists in all societies and is necessary for maintaining order and efficiency

important jobs must offer more pay to attract prestige

poverty ensures “unskilled” labor is always done

26
Q

stratification: conflict theory

A

social inequality is a source of conflict and unhappiness - not a societal necessity

stratification arises from an unequal distribution of resources (money, land, healthcare, education)

those in high levels control resource distribution & serve their own interests

27
Q

US class distinctions

A

upper class
middle class
working class
poor

28
Q

working class

A

people employed in factory, clerical, or low-wage sales jobs

economic instability

“unskilled” labor

29
Q

classifications of poor

A

absolute deprivation:
capacity to secure fundamental necessities - consistent economic threshold

relative deprivation:
poor in relation to a specific standard/society

30
Q

Oscar Lewis “culture of poverty”

A

poverty is not about lack of financial/economic resources, but about certain “traits” that keep the poor in a cycle of poverty

31
Q

intersection of race and social class

A

“money whitens” - financial status can elevate racial status
lighter skin tones = better socio-economic status

32
Q

civil rights movement legal acts

A

civil rights act of 1964
voting rights act of 1965

33
Q

relationships between prejudice and discrimination

A

unprejudiced non-discriminator
prejudiced discriminator
prejudiced non-discriminator
unprejudiced discriminator

34
Q

gender performativity

A

challenges traditional notions of gender as something inherent, fixed, and biologically determined

35
Q

gender: biological perspective

A

biological differences between men and women influence their roles in society
differences in aggressiveness, cognitive ability, and strength

36
Q

gender: conflict perspective

A

inherent conflict of interest between men and women shapes sex roles

women accept male dominance due to socialization

gender inequality becomes a social problem when women realize their oppression and possibility for change

economic competition contributes to sexual inequality

37
Q

gender: functionalist

A

pre-industrial: practical considerations- men strength, women nursing

industrial:
instrumental (goal-oriented) for men
expressive (relationship-focused)

social problem arises when sex-role divisions no longer match society’s needs

38
Q

gender: interactionist perspective

A

interaction patterns play a role in maintaining and reinforcing beliefs and practices related to gender inequality

gender inequality becomes a social problem when consensus and shared expectations about men and women’s roles are lacking

39
Q

Max Weber and the state

A

defines the state as “a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory

40
Q

Michael Mann’s types of power

A

despotic: physical force
infrastructural: state ability to infiltrate and influence our daily lives without physical force

41
Q

Charles Tilly: formation of the state

A

wars and capital accumulation make states

42
Q

civil religion

A

where symbols, values, and historical events acquire sacred significance (sacred and profane)

43
Q

emergence of nation: modernist perspective

A

the nation is a result of specific social and economic developments (capitalism, industrialization, etc)

the state comes first

44
Q

types of democracy

A

direct: citizens participate directly

representative: elect representatives

liberal: form of representative, emphasizes freedoms

45
Q

polyarchy

A

elite democracy: elites are in control political processes

46
Q

totalitarianism

A

complete control over political and social life by the state

using terror and propaganda to maintain control

47
Q

authoritarianism

A

less extreme that totalitarianism

still relies on centralized control and often suppresses civil society

Sociology (11 decks)

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