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Final Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

social change

A

persistent transformation in social structures, cultural norms, and institutions
Influences education, family structures, and societal relationships

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2
Q

sources of social change

A

environmental pressures:
climate change, natural disasters

population growth: urbanization, resource allocation

cultural/technological innovation:
the internet, medical advancements

cultural diffusion:
spread of practices (Americanization)

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3
Q

types of social movements

A

reform movements:
change within existing systems

countermovements:
resist changes introduced by reform or revolutionary movements

revolutionary movements:
overhaul political systems

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4
Q

role of ideology in social movements

A

ideology provides direction, defines “heroes and villains”, and clarifies goals
shifts in ideology weakens movements

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5
Q

relative deprivation (social movements)

A

movements emerge from unmet rising expectations rather than severe deprivation

context shapes perception!!!

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6
Q

role of resource mobilization in social movements

A

movements require funds, labor, media, and political influence

social media helps cohesion

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7
Q

role of political opportunity in social movements

A

vulnerable institutions provide openings for activism
movements emerge when external factors lower participation

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8
Q

causes of anomie

A

rapid social changes

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9
Q

sources of rapid social change

A

things like 9/11, natural disasters

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10
Q

sources of long-term social change

A

environmental pressure, population growth, technological and cultural diffusion

climate change, internet, colonialism, Americanization

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11
Q

anomie

A

lacking usual social or ethnic standards

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12
Q

3 goals of nationalism

A

national autonomy:
self-governance

national unity:
shared identity and cohesion

national identity:
a collective culture

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13
Q

ethnie

A

common ancestry and cultural elements without political structures

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14
Q

nation

A

defined homeland, governance, shared myths, legal systems. distinct public culture

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15
Q

walker conner

A

differentiates patriotism (state loyalty) from ethnonationalism (loyalty to ethnic group)

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16
Q

individual vs. collective identity

A

individual:
people may have multiple identities that change (work, family, religion)

collective:
national identity is a stable, cultural collective often built on symbols, myths, and values that individuals resonate with

being part of a nation goes beyond individual affiliation, as it is a shared culture

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17
Q

dynamic national identity

A

national identity evolves as cultures and generations interpret symbols, values, and myths

a nation’s values may evolve from a “heroic vision” (liberation) to a more practical identity (diversity and innovation)

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18
Q

individual vs. collective identity

A

individual:
people may have multiple identities that change (work, family, religion)

collective:
national identity is a stable, cultural collective often built on symbols, myths, and values that individuals resonate with

being part of a nation goes beyond individual affiliation, as it is a shared culture

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19
Q

nationalism as a sociological movement

A

key distinction:
emphasizes the development & expression of a shared “cultural identity” (cultural gestation and representation)

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20
Q

objective definitions of nation

A

focus on tangible elements

language, territory, culture

limited because some nations are multi-lingual

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21
Q

subjective definitions of nation

A

perception & shared sentiment

can be too broad because it can include communities that are not nations

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

world systems theory

A

does not view globalization as a recent phenomenon, but synonymous with the 1500s birth of world capitalism

uses the larger historical system or world society insteady of Marx’s class structures as a unit of analysis

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24
Q

Manuel Castell: network society theory

A

emphasizes technological change and information capitalism

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25
Q

cultural homogenization versus heterogenization

A

pessimistic hyper globalization:
globalization is ending the world’s diversity

optimistic hyper globalization:
westernization means the expansion of free markets and democracy

homogenization: standardization
heterogenization: cultural mixing (sushi)

26
Q

“new global” historians

A

the 1950s was the beginning of the contemporary current of globalization

everything before the 1950s wasn’t globalism, but “international exchange”

27
Q

Friedman’s globalization phases

A

globalization 1.0 (1492-1800)
world shrank from large to medium
resources and conquest

2.0 (1800-2000)
medium to small
markets and labor

3.0 (2000-present)
small to tiny
driven by individuals and small groups

28
Q

Ronald Robertson on culture and globalization

A

globalization can produce new forms of cultural expression

“glocalization”
there is an interaction of the global and local characterized by cultural borrowing

29
Q

functional approach to religion

A

any belief system that doesn’t address the meaning of life is not considered a religion

overlooks the supernatural

religion’s functional role:
helping us understand the purpose of lif

30
Q

symbolic approach to religion

A

focuses on the role of key symbols

symbols are fundamental to the characteristics of religion

they serve as a blueprint to help individuals make sense of the world

not all symbols are religious

macro symbols help understand life’s deeper meaning, while micro symbols are used for daily communication

31
Q

substantive approach to religion

A

“belief” and “sacredness” as fundamental elements

“community” is essential to religion

traditional forms of religion

32
Q

Karl Marx and religion

A

religion is a “pure illusion”

religion is a tool for oppression
it destracts

religion is man-made

33
Q

Emile Durkheim and religion

A

religion is social

society is accountable for the existence of religion

the supernatural does not exist

believes in the sacred and the profane

defines magic and it’s utilitarian nature

34
Q

Max Weber and religion

A

the sacred social order is now produced by those with competence (charisma)

raltionalization created a world where gods were chased away

magical and supernatural elements were replaced by science, law, etc.

human logic and institutions take precedence

35
Q

secularism

A

the idea that religion declines under modernity

36
Q

secularism theory

A

religion is doomed under modernity
religion loses its significance
this is why religion was ignored by sociologists

argues that religion might still be significant to the individual, but would no longer influence the social, economic, political, and cultural direction of modern industrial societies

37
Q

contemporary religious issues

A

Christian nationalism and political ideologies
open systems theory: religion and society

38
Q

open systems theory

A

religious organizations and society influence each other

religious organizations promote resistance to homosexuality, which then influences society, reinforcing the same attitudes back to the religious groups

39
Q

absolutist definition of deviance

A

categorizes behavior as inherently “good” or “bad”,

stereotyping

40
Q

relativist definition of deviance

A

views deviance as socially constructed\

what is considered deviant varies across cultures

who commits it, who labels it, and when it occurs

41
Q

deviance and power: conflict perspective

A

definitions of deviance often reflect the influence of powerful groups imposing control over less powerful groups, shaping societal norms

capitalism’s encouraging of consumption while keeping wages low created a contradiction that leads to criminal behavior among those who cannot afford luxury

Marxian conflict theory: contradictions are inherent in capitalism

the legal and criminal justice system benefit dominant societal groups

42
Q

strain theory

A

deviance arises when individuals face a conflict between societal success goals and limited access to legitimate means (G & M)

conformity (GM)
innovation (Gx)
ritualism (xM)
retreatism (xx)
rebellion

43
Q

labeling theory

A

explains how being labeled “deviant” alters how others perceive and interact with an individual
“ex-convict”

societies use formal (registries) and informal (social media) methods to condemn deviance

this reinforces deviance identities

deviant labels stick

44
Q

medicalization of deviance

A

behavior categorized as medical conditions requiring treatment

behaviors once seen as mischief or life stresses are now labeled as psychiatric diseases

drug companies influence criteria for diagnosis

this depoliticalizes social issues by framing them as individual defects

45
Q

evolving deviance

A

deviance is not fixed; laws and societal norms evolve through time

46
Q

media’s role in shaping deviance

A

influence on crime perception (violent over non-violent crimes)

selective crime portrayal

focus on street crimes
(street crimes over corporate or government crimes)

47
Q

the 3 things deviance requires:

A

a behavioral expectation or norm
a perceived violation of that norm
a societal reaction ranging from criticism to punishment

48
Q

tough on crime policies

A

not tough on crime enough -> leading to harsher sentences, reduced parole, & increased prison construction

growing prison populations (200,000 in 1970 to 2.1 mil todau)

US has highest incarceration rate

49
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

deviance is learned through interactions with close associates (friends and family) who influence behavior by transmitting techniques and attitudes for committing deviant acts

society -> symbols -> establish meaning -> develop views -> communicate with each other -> society

50
Q

deterrence theory

A

shifts focus from exploring why individuals violate norms to examining the factors that discourage most people from engaging in deviant behavior

cost and benefit analysis!

51
Q

white collar deviance

A

wealthy people & corporations often face more lenient consequences for criminal behavior compared to marginalized groups

public perception underestimates the dangers of corporate white-collar crimes

corporations often avoid significant repercussions through money

52
Q

human rights definition

A

protections and entitlements held by individuals

53
Q

negative rights

A

negative:
rights protecting individuals from state or non-state interference

life, free speech, bodily integrity, due process

ensure safety and freedom of conscience

54
Q

positive rights

A

rights that require active provision by authorities

education, healthcare, housing, min. standard of living

promote longevity (health) and self-actualization (education)

55
Q

indivisibility of rights

A

rights are interconnected; civil rights depend on economic and cultural rights for realization

56
Q

generations of rights

A

first gen:
civil and political freedoms

second gen:
economic and social well-being

third gen:
cultural preservation and group rights

fourth gen:
global challenges

57
Q

Turner’s ontological approach

A

human rights stem from universal human vulnerabilities
(human body as foundation for universal rights)

58
Q

Ishay’s historical approach

A

rights are part of human struggles
(emphasizes political and social movements shaping human rights)

59
Q

US human rights progress

A

13th (abolish slavery)
19th (women’s suffrage)

civil rights act (1964)
voting rights act (1965)

60
Q

globalization and human rights

A

economic inequalities:
global north’s dominance limits global south’s development
limited social program funding

digital divide:
no internet harms education and healthcare

media:
northern dominance of media

61
Q

the stratification systems

A

slavery
caste system
estate system
social class

Sociology (11 decks)

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