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Vertebrate bio > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 5 defining traits of chordates

A

-notochord
-dorsal neural tube (nerve cord)
-pharyngeal slits (some only when embryos)
- endostyle
- post anal tail

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2
Q

what are myomeres

A

blocks of muscle separated bt connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the basic anatomy of cephalochordates

A

myomeres and notochord run the length of the organism

leaky pharyngeal slits

no fins

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4
Q

in cephalochordates, where do pharyngeal slits leak into

A

atrium - space around guts

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5
Q

what way can a notochord move

A

can bend laterally, but cannot be compressed (axially)

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6
Q

what is the structure of a notochord

A

consists of cells and fluid in a tough sheath

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7
Q

are all chordates vertebrates

A

no

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8
Q

why are cephalochordates call that

A

notochord extends into head

= cephalo (=head) = chordate (=notochord)

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9
Q

what shape are myomeres in chephalochordates

A

V shaped

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10
Q

what work together to allow cephalochordates to move

A

notochord + muscles

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11
Q

what does coordinated contraction of muscles in cephalochordates allow for

A

side bending and swimming

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12
Q

when is dorsal neural tube developed

A

in embryo from infolding of ectoderm

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13
Q

how complex is nervous system in cephalochordates

A

simple, no brain or well developed sensory organs

no eyes but controls movement

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14
Q

how does cephalochordates eat

A

suspension feeders

cilia create a water current to draw food in

food gets trapped by mucus

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15
Q

what are pharyngeal slits

A

openings in the wall of the pharynx that allow for one way water flow

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16
Q

what is different between the function of pharyngeal slits in cephalochordates and later species

A

in cephalochordates, play role in feeding

in later groups developed a role in respiration

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17
Q

what are pharyngeal slits supported by

A

pharyngeal arches

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18
Q

what are endostyles

A

ciliated glandular groove on the floor of the pharynx

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19
Q

what is the endostyle homologous to

A

thyroid gland,

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20
Q

what does homologous mean

A

similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function

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21
Q

what do both the endotyle and the thyroid have functions relating to

A

both involves in iodine metabolism

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22
Q

what is the circulatory system like in cephalochordates

A

closed system and with blood vessels

blood is plasma like, no blood cells or pigments

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23
Q

do cephalochordates have a post anal tail

A

yes

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24
Q

what is a monophyletic group

A

=clade

an ancestor and all of its descendants

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25
Q

what is a paraphyletic group

A

an ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

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26
Q

what is a polyphyletic group

A

2 or more groups but not their common ancestor

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27
Q

what is an outgroup used to distinguish

A

distinguish ancestral from derived characters

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28
Q

what is homology

A

a trait found in more than 1 taxon that arose from a common ancestor

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29
Q

what is synapomorphy

A

a trait that is shared and derived due to common ancestry and that is usique to a group

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30
Q

what define monophyletic groups

A

synapomorphy

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31
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when 2 or more taxa evolve the same trait independently

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32
Q

what is homoplasy

A

a shared derived trait that is not due to common ancestry

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33
Q

what evidence is used to build phylogenetic trees

A
  • Fossil record
  • comparative anatomy
  • embryology
    -molecular data
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34
Q

what are the biases in the fossil record

A
  • anatomy : hard body parts last
  • environment: aquatic preserves better
  • temp+chemistry: cooler and low oxygen favours preservation (slower decomposition)
  • quantitative factors: easier to find larger things, easier to find abundant things, easier to find species that existed longer, easier to find individuals with a wider range
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35
Q

what are the shared arm/hand traits in many vertebrates

A

1 bone (humorous) —> 2 bones (ulna and radius) —> many (carpels) —> 5 (fingers)

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36
Q

apart from the 5 chordate features, what other traits to vertebrates share

A
  • vertebrate
  • cranium
  • brain
  • pituitary (endocrine system)
  • multichambered heart
  • mineralized tissues
  • hox genes
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37
Q

what do vertebrae do

A

protect the neural tube and notochord, and may anchor other structures

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38
Q

what are arcualia

A

precursor to vertebrae

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39
Q

all vertebrates have a head with what characteristics

A

-cranium
- brain
- pituitary gland

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40
Q

what is the cranium and what is it made of

A

skull

formed of cartilage and or bone

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41
Q

what does the anterior part of the neural tube swell to form

A

brain

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42
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

produces and regulates hormones

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43
Q

what do hox genes regulate

A

development

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44
Q

how did hox genes contribute to the origin of vertebrates

A

non- vertebrates have a single cluster of hox genes , vertebrates have 2 or more

  • the duplication of hox genes allowed for more complex development and phenotype
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45
Q

what are gill slits

A

modified pharyngeal slits with filaments for respiration

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46
Q

how does water move through pharynx in early vertebrates

A

by muscular pumping

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47
Q

what is the circulatory system like in early vertebrates

A

closed circulatory system with blood vessels

3 chambered

blood has red blood cells with hemoglobin and transports o2 and co2

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48
Q

what are agnathans

A

jawless, early vertebrates

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49
Q

agnathans are a _______ group that comprise vertebrates without jaws

A

paraphyletic

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50
Q

what was life like in the Cambrian

A

no life on land

animals are diverse and are most abundant on continental shelves

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51
Q

when did metaspringgina live

A

Cambrian

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52
Q

what are the physical characteristics of metaspriggina

A

gills

dorsal neural tube and brain (evidence of eyes)

notochord

w shaped myomeres

no mineralized tissue or fins

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53
Q

what did metaspriggna support

A

is very similar to the proposed hypothetical vertebrate ancestor

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54
Q

what do cyclotomies include

A

2 extant groups: hagfishes and lampreys

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55
Q

what traits do cyclosomes have that the hypothetical vertebrate ancestor

A

gills, gill chambers, gill arches

notochord

nerve cord and brain

heart with 3 chambers, has RBC with hemoglobin

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56
Q

what do hagfish have that the hypothetical vertebrate ancestor didn’t have

A

poorly developed eyes (ancestors probably had fully developed eyes)

lack a lateral line system (lost it, ancestral to vertebrates)

highly specialized feeding structures

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57
Q

what did finding condonts show

A

shift from suspension feeding to predatory feeding

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58
Q

what is some of the oldest mineralized vertebrate tissue

A

conodonts

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59
Q

what was it like in the ordovician and silurian

A

first land plants, vascular plants, and fungi

arthropods colonize land

diversification of jawless fishes with mineralized tissues

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60
Q

what are ostracoderms

A

armoured jawless fishes

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61
Q

what are the potential advantages of mineralized tissues

A

protection

mechanical abrasion

structure

mineral storage

buffer blood

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62
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

mineralized tissue exclusive to vertebrates

includes calcium and phosphate (inverts use mostly calcium)

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63
Q

why do vertebrates use hydroxyapatite

A

more stable in acidic environment which is caused by higher metabolic activities

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64
Q

what are odontodes

A

first mineralized vertebrate structures

little tooth like elements

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65
Q

where were teeth first observed

A

conodonts

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66
Q

what does oxygen content in water vary with

A

temperature: as temperature increases, oxygen decreases

salinity: as salinity increases, oxygen decreases

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67
Q

what does breathing water efficiently require

A
  • gills
  • flowing water
  • flowing blood
68
Q

what is ram ventilation

A

the fish swims with its mouth open, forcing water over gills
- used by many sharks and some large and fast fish

69
Q

what is buccal pump ventilation

A
  • suction phase: the buccal chamber expands, creating negative pressure that draws water through mouth
  • force phase: the mouth closes, creating positive pressure that forces water out through gills
  • used by some sharks and most fish
70
Q

what kind of circulatory system do sharks have, and what is the pathway

A

single circuit system

blood flows from the heart through the gills where it is oxygenated, to the body. Veins bring deoxygenated blood back to heart

71
Q

why do gills have so many lamella (filaments)

A

lost of SA for gas exchange

72
Q

why are gills efficient

A

they have a large surface area for gas exchange

short diffusion distance - gas exchange takes place in capillary beds, which are 1 cell layer thick, minimize diffusion distance

73
Q

what do interbranchial septa do

A

provide support to keep the gill filaments separated and exposed to flowing water

74
Q

gnathostomes are a _____ group

A

monophyletic

75
Q

what are gnathostomes

A

jawed fishes

76
Q

Apart from cordate features what are other shared derived traits that gnathostomes have

A

second his gene duplication

jointed gill arches

jaws with teeth

paired fins

more developed vertebrae

77
Q

what are true teeth

A

teeth embedded in jaw

78
Q

how did jaws evolve

A

ancestral condition - visceral arches unjointed

evolutionary changes - visceral arches become jointed, 1st gill slit becomes a spirale, 1st visceral arch becomes jaws, 2nd visceral arch becomes hyoid arch

79
Q

is evidence of the origin of jaws seen more in development or fossils

A

development

80
Q

what is the evidence that jaws evolved form gill arches

A
  • jaws, hyoid, and gill arches share similar developmental origin
  • nerves and blood vessels that support gill arches and jaws are similar
  • nerves and blood vessels that support spiracle and gill slits are similar
  • muscles that support jaws are related to muscles that support gill arches
81
Q

what is the ventilation hypothesis

A

development of jaws involve changes in reorganization of mandibular arch and hypobranchial muscular which increased gill ventilation

further development allowed for prey capture through suction feeding

Jaws allowed for more forceful opening and closing of mouth

82
Q

why were paired fins developed

A

as fish move faster there is a greater chance of instability

fins increase stability

83
Q

what fins are relayed you what axis of movement

A

vertical: tilt - pectoral find

left and right: - tail fin

rotational: roll - dorsal fin

pectoral helps all

84
Q

what are the 2 theories of how paired fins developed

A

fin fold theory: resulted from genetic program, genes are turned off/on in specific regions giving rise to pectoral and pelvic fins

gill arch theory: fins are homologous with gill rays, and girdles are homologous with gill arches

85
Q

gnathostomes are a ________ group

A

monophyletic

86
Q

what is a placoderm

A

armoured jawed fishes

87
Q

what jaw moves when placoderm opens it

A

upper jaw

88
Q

Chondrichthyes are a ________ group

A

monophyletic group

89
Q

what was life in the Devonian like

A

on land seedless vascular plants have diversified and are as big as trees

In ocean: the age of fishes, all 4 lineages present

90
Q

what are defining characteristics of Chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous skeleton

claspers

91
Q

what kind of bones did the ancestors of Chondrichthyes have

A

bony

92
Q

what are placoid scales (denticles) similar to (in terms of development and structure)

A

teeth

93
Q

how do sharks replacement teeth work

A

teeth are part of a developing whorl

94
Q

what does jaw suspension describe

A

how the mandibular arch articulates with the chondochranium

and the role of the hyoid arch

95
Q

what is an autodiastylic jaw suspension

A

when upper jaw is firmly attached to the cranium at 2 points

hyoid arch isn’t involved in jaw suspension

96
Q

what are ampullae of lorenzini

A

on sharks rostrum

detect electrical fields

97
Q

what is the lateral line system

A

clusters of specialized cells allow sharks (and other fish) to detect vibrations and pressure gradients in the water

can detect movement of prey

98
Q

what is holostylic jaw suspension mean

and what is its benefit

A

upper jaw is fused with the chondrocranium

gives strength and low flexibility

99
Q

what is a helicoprion

A

spiral tooth whorls

100
Q

what were early sharks like

A

mouth: terminal– front instead of tucked back below

fins: caudel fin has upper/lower lobe that are similar in size and shape (triangle shape), rigid traingle shape

amphistylic jaw suspension

101
Q

what is amphistylic jaw suspension

and what is this jaw like

A

upper jaw is attached to chondrocranium anteriorly by ligaments and the posterior is supported by the hyoid arch

looser connection than autodistylic jaw suspension

102
Q

what is oviparous

A

laying eggs outside of body

103
Q

what is ovoviviparous

A

eggs develop inside female (pregnancy)

104
Q

what are adaptations sharks have to reduce overall density

A
  • larger liver - lipid oil rich, oil less dense than water
  • cartilaginous skeleton - less dense than bones
105
Q

how do fins help keep shark buoyant

A

uneven tail lobes create lift, which would tip noise down, so pectoral fins counter this

106
Q

what is hyostylic jaw suspension

A

upper jaw is attached anteriorly by ligaments to the chondrocranium

also hinged posteriorly by the hyomandibula

works like a swing

107
Q

what does modified hyostylic jaw suspension allow for

A

greater suction feeding

108
Q

what is dermal bone

A

formed in the skin and not dependent on cartilage

109
Q

what is endochondral bone

A

bone that replaces cartilage and forms from specialized cells deep within the body

110
Q

what are the 3 parts that comprise a fish skull

A

chondrocranium - brain case

splanchnocranium - part of jaw

dermatocranium - part of jaw

111
Q

what bones are on upper/lower jaw

A

upper: premaxilla and maxilla
lower: dentary

112
Q

when development of gill arches what did the fish not need anymore

A

loss interbranchial septum because gill arches support gills

113
Q

what were the early vertebrae

A

cartilage that wrapped around neural tube and blood vessels

114
Q

what are AOs (air filled organs) and what is their function

A

either lungs or gas bladder (swim bladder)

Contribute to respiration and buoyancy

115
Q

what is the difference between a swim bladder with/without a pneumatic duct

A

with: gas bladder connected to gut, fish burps/gulps to control its volume, contributes to buoyancy and if with veins also gas exchange

without: no connection between gas bladder and gut. fish controls volume by releasing gas from blood, contributes only to buoyancy

116
Q

what is the evidence that lungs (fish and tetrapod) and gas bladders are homologous

A

arise from pharynx

developmental similarities in supply of arterial blood

similar chemicals that help with gas exchange

similar histology

117
Q

what are the hypotheses for the development of lungs

A
  • evolved in shallow water (more oxygenated water) and gulped water and eventually accidentally air, would store air in primitive lungs
  • main advantages of lungs was that they provide oxygen to heart. proposes that coronary arteries are not ancestral
118
Q

what are actinopterygii

A

ray finned fishes

119
Q

actinopterygii is a _______ group

A

monophyletic

120
Q

what are sracopterygii

A

lobe finned fishes

121
Q

what was the trend in actinopterygii fins

A

reduction of skeletal elements, made fin more maneuverable or collapsible

shift from heterocercal to homocercal caudal fin (2 parts –> 1)

pectoral fins shift from ventral to lateral position, and continue to articulate to skull

pelvic fins remain unattached to axial skeleton and shift towards anterior

122
Q

what does the gas bladder do

A

provides neural buoyancy and frees fins for additional functions

123
Q

what are the advantages of actinopterygii fins

A

greater maneuverability

including rapid turning and stopping

124
Q

what changed for teleosts in regards to jaw protrusion

A

mandible hinges open and the pre maxilla slides forward

allows for strong sucking

125
Q

what are pharyngeal jaws

A

teeth in parynx

assists in prey capture and used for mechanical digestion

126
Q

what is the trend in sacropterygii fins

A

increase im skeletal elements that support the fins

127
Q

what would a single fat filled lung be useful for

A

if you live deep down where there is little oxygen

also helps with buoyancy

128
Q

what was Devonian like

A

greening of land, emergence of forests

lots of shallow coastal inland seas, deltas, estuaries

129
Q

what era did tetrapods begin

A

Devonian

130
Q

what was a trend with skulls in the Devonian

A

become flatter and wider

loss of bones that connect pelvic girdle to head (evolution of neck)

131
Q

what are the different angles of pectoral fins good for (angled outwards/backwards)

A

Backwards: good for a fin

outwards: more robust

132
Q

what is a trend in the pectoral girdle in Devonian

A

shift in support from external dermal bones to internal endochondral bones

133
Q

what is a trend in pelvic girdles in Devonian

A

increases in size and dominance

becomes weight bearing

134
Q

are big eyes more advantageous in water or land

A

land

135
Q

could Devonian tetrapodish organisms breath water or air

A

retained ability to breath water with gills and air with spiracles

136
Q

what happened at the end of the Devonian

A

mass extinction

137
Q

what was the carboniferous era like

A

extensive seedless vascular plants and forests

increased o2 levels

tetrapods adapt to land

diversification of insects

138
Q

why move to land

A

push factors:
competition of resources, predator avoidance, to deal with droughts or large tides

pull factors: feeding - new prey, sun basking (they were cold blooded)

139
Q

do organisms feel more resistance moving though water or air

A

water

140
Q

does gravity have a greater effect on organisms on land or water

A

land

141
Q

what are aquatic vertebrates shaped by

A

resistance and compression

142
Q

what are terrestrial vertebrates shaped by

A

gravity

143
Q

what was unique about Pederpes

A

weight bearing legs

terrestrial locomotion

144
Q

what was the steps of walking (transition to land)

A

limbs/fins used for propulsion, body supported by water

belly dragging

walking, limbs bear weight

145
Q

what provides a larger amount of oxygen in same volume, air or water

A

air

146
Q

what was unidirectional water flow replaced with when started breathing air

A

tidal air flow (in/out through same hole

147
Q

what changed in how air got into lungs with more developed breathing

A

air is now pulled into lungs instead of being pushed

148
Q

does suction feeding work in air

A

no

149
Q

what did the spiracle evolve into

A

middle ear

150
Q

what does the stapes do

A

amplifies the waves and transmits them to the inner ear

151
Q

what are the two stresses that terrestrial vertebral column have to deal with

A

buckling - stress of gravity pulling down on vertebral column

torsion - stress from twisting on the spine when walking (when not all limbs on ground)

152
Q

what are zygapophyses

A

projections on front and back of neural arches that articulate with each other

prevent buckling

153
Q

what characteristics do lissamphibians have

A

tetrapod skeleton and walking

senses - including hearing and stapes

eggs laid in water

unspecified carnivores

154
Q

what is cutaneous respiration

A

breathing through skin

155
Q

what helps reduce mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle

A

currents

and a spiral valve

156
Q

what are anorans

A

without tail (frogs and toads)

157
Q

what do amniotes mark

A

the transition to a fully terrestrial life

158
Q

what is an amniotic egg

A

air breathing air

ancestrally develop within a shell, though was lost in many mammals and marsupials

159
Q

what make up amniotic eggs

A

amnion - fluid that surrounds the developing embryo (amniotic fluid)

yolk sac - contains nutrients which supports the embryo

allantois - stores nitrogenous wastes produced by developing embryos. also contains surface blood vessels that function in gas exchange though the cell

chorion - outer membrane that encloses 3 lower membranes

albumen - protein rich solution that provides water and nutrients

160
Q

what do pores in egg shells allow

A

gas exchange

161
Q

what problem did amniotic eggs solve

A

since embryo is suspended in fluid, can develop on land with desiccation and by minimizing the effects of gravity on embryo

162
Q

what is an anapsid

A

has no temporal holes

163
Q

what is a synapsid

A

1 pair of temporal holes

164
Q

what are diapsids

A

2 pairs of temporal holes

165
Q

where do temporal holes form

A

at joints where bones fail to meet during development

166
Q

what did temporal holes allow for

A

muscles to attach and expand outside of skull

allows muscles to get bigger snd longer without needing a bigger skull

Vertebrate bio (5 decks)

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