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Vertebrate bio > Lab midterm 2 > Flashcards

Lab midterm 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the digestive system

A
  • transportation and storage of food
  • mechanical breakdown of food
  • chemical breakdown of food
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2
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores and concentrates bile from the liver

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3
Q

what does the liver do

A

filters and detoxifies blood and produces bile

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4
Q

what do the small intestines do

A

digests food and absorbs nutrients

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5
Q

what do large intestines do

A

absorbs water and electrolytes and vitamins, forming and propelling feces

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6
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

regulating blood sugar by releasing hormones (insulin)

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7
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

governs passage of food out of the stomach into small intestine

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8
Q

what does the spleen do

A

controls level of blood cells and filters blood and removes old/damaged RBCs

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9
Q

what does cecum do

A

absorb fluids + salts and mixes contents with a lubricating substance

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10
Q

do pigeons have a gall bladder

A

no

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11
Q

what does the esophagus widen into in birds

A

crop

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12
Q

what does the crop do

A

stores food temporarily

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13
Q

what are the 2 parts of bird stomach and what do they do

A

proventriculus - chemical digestion

gizzard - mechanical digestion

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14
Q

where are small stones stored in pigeon digestive system

A

gizzard

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15
Q

what does colic ceca do

A

house bacteria, microbial fermentation

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16
Q

what does colic ceca separate

A

small and large intestines

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17
Q

what is the site of cellulose digestion in rabbit

A

cecum

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18
Q

what does rabbit do to fully absorb all the nutrients released by cecum

A

rabbit eats cecal dropping (cecotropes), intestines can then absorb already digested nutrients

second time through the rabbit excretes feral droppings

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19
Q

is cecum longer in cat or rabbit

A

rabbit

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20
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap that prevents food from going down trachea

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21
Q

what is the glottis

A

the opening to the windpipe

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22
Q

what is the general trend in circulatory systems

A

shift from ancestral single circuit (ex: shark) to more complex circulatory systems

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23
Q

how does circulatory system in shark work

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped first to gills (where it is oxygenated) before continuing on to deliver oxygen to capillary beds of body

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24
Q

what are the 2 systems in 2 circuit system

A

pulmonary circuit: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

systemic circuit: blood pumps through body

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25
Q

does the mudpuppy have gills or lungs

A

both

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26
Q

does mudpuppy have single or double circuit

A

can alternate between the 2

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27
Q

does turtle have single or double circuit

A

both, alternates

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28
Q

why is the reason turtle’s alternate between single and double circuit different than mud puppies

A
  • mud puppies have both lungs and gills
  • turtle lacks gills, and primarily uses lungs for oxygenation of blood. But they can stop breathing while underwater (stops blood flow to lungs + switch to single circuit)
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29
Q

what is the evolutionary trend in regards to renal portal system

A

dependence of renal portal systems decreases as kidney changes and BP increases

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30
Q

what is renal portal system like in sharks

A

renal portal system provided high volume low pressure blood to the kidneys to collect plasma that leaked out of collecting ducts

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31
Q

what is renal portal system like in mudpuppy and turtle

A

retain renal portal vein with a couple of changes

some blood returning from the tail can now bypass the renal portal system and blood that passes through the kidneys is now returned via posterior vena cava

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32
Q

do mammals have renal portal system

A

no

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33
Q

why dont mammals have renal portal system

A

BP in dorsal aorta is high enough to provide blood for filtration and do provide blood to collect the plasma that leaks out

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34
Q

do birds use renal portal system

A

sorta

can provide BP from the renal portal system and from the high pressure dorsal aorta

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35
Q

do mud puppies gave a reinforced trachea

and why

A

no

since push air instead of pulling it

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36
Q

how many gills/aortic arches do mud puppies have

A

3

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37
Q

what is mudpuppy circulatory system transitional between

A

aquatic and terrestrial

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38
Q

what terrestrial things do we see addition of in mudpuppies

A

lungs, pulmonary circuit, and division of atrium into 2 chambers

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39
Q

what is the mudpuppy version of posterior cardinal vein in sharks

A

inferior vena cava (or post caval vein)

(mud puppies have posterior cardinal vein too but its reduced)

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40
Q

what is renal portal system like in mud puppies

A

retains a renal portal system but its reduced and integrated with systemic circuit

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41
Q

do mud puppies have celiac artery

A

no

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42
Q

what does shape of turtle ventricle do

A

minimizing blood mixing while allowing the heart to shunt blood

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43
Q

do turtles have left and right arches

A

yes

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44
Q

do pigeons have fully divided hearts

A

yes

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45
Q

how many systemic arches do mammals and birds have

A

1

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46
Q

what is different between mammal and bird systemic arches

A

mammals have arch on left

birds have arch on right

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47
Q

is braciocephalic shorter in cats or rabbits

A

rabbits

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48
Q

what are the 2 parts of the urogenital system and what do they consist of

A

uro: excretory potion (excretes nitrogenous waste) : kidneys, bladder, and associated structures

genital: reproductive function: gonads

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49
Q

what is kidney like in vertebrate embryos

A

long structure located along dorsal wall

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50
Q

what are 3 parts of embryo kidney

A

anterior: pronephros

middle: mesonephros

posterior: metanephros

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51
Q

what is a opisthanephric kidney

A

consists of mesoneohros and metanrphros

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52
Q

what is a metanephtic kidney

A

only has metanephros

53
Q

what is same and different between osithanephric and metanephric kidneys

A

both excrete nitrogenous waste

but metanephric is modified to conserve water ( concentrated urine)

54
Q

what kind of kidney do fish and amphibians have

A

opisthanephric

55
Q

what kind of kidney do amniotes have

A

metanephric kidney

56
Q

what are the 3 ways reproductive systems can be classified as

A

oviparous: female lays eggs

viviparous: embryo develops inside body

ovivivparpousL embryos noruished by yolks but occurs inside body and gives birth to live young

57
Q

where are testes in dogfish

A

anterior

58
Q

where are kidneys in mudpuppies

A

kidneys in a more posterior position so testes are too

59
Q

are amniote testes position dependent on kidneys

A

no, position is independent of kidneys

60
Q

how does mudpuppy reproduction work

A

internal fertilization but no copulation

male deposits spermatophore packages, female picks them up with cloaca and stores them in spermathecae

61
Q

where is kidney in mudpuppies

A

embedded in dorsal wall

62
Q

what kind of kidney do turtles have

A

metanephric kidney

63
Q

are turtle kidneys embedded in dorsal wall

A

no

64
Q

where does fertilization take place in turtles and pigeons

A

anterior end of oviduct

65
Q

what way has pigeon urogenital system been modified

A

reduce weight for flight

no bladder, urine is not stored prior to release

right side of female reproductive system is lost

66
Q

do most bird species have male copulatory organs

A

no

67
Q

is vas defrens (or ductus) or ureter coiled

A

vas defrens

68
Q

is oviduct coiled or straight

A

coiled

69
Q

what does oviduct do

A

collects eggs from ovary

70
Q

what happens to left ovary in birds during development

A

atrophies to save weight

71
Q

what kind of kidney do cats have

A

metanephric

72
Q

do male cats have internal or external testes

A

external

73
Q

what is a os penis

A

penis bone

74
Q

do cats have a os penis

A

yes but it is reduced

75
Q

what is a bipartite uterus

A

has separate horns that join in a single body with a single cervix

76
Q

what kind of uterus do cats have

A

bipartite uterus

77
Q

what is the ball in sac in sac in cat testes

A

testes in scrotum in cremasteric pouch

78
Q

what do prostate glands produce

A

fluid that nourishes/transports seem (seminal fluid)

79
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do

A

adds fluid to sperm

80
Q

why are cat ovaries so small

A

since eggs dont have yolks

81
Q

what is the baculum

A

penis bone

82
Q

what is special about rabbit balls

A

can retract them into inguinal canal in response to cold or threat

83
Q

do rabbits have a os penis

A

no

84
Q

what is a duplex uterus

A

uterus has 2 separate horns each with own cervix

85
Q

what kind of uterus do rabbits have

A

duplex uterus

86
Q

what makes up axial skeleton

A

skull + vertebrae + ribs

87
Q

what part of vertebrae protects the nerve cord

A

neural arch

88
Q

what does the neural spine do

A

supports muscle attachement

89
Q

what does the transverse process do

A

extends from vertebra

supports runs and/or provides additional surface for muscle attachment

90
Q

what way does prezygapophyses face

A

dorsally

91
Q

what way does postzygoghyses face

A

ventrally

92
Q

what do zygapophyses allow for

A

mobility of the vertebral column while stabilizing bucking and torsion

93
Q

what are the 2 solutions amniotes evolved to protect nerve cord and provide support, while allowing for flexibility (and what is each one allow for)

A
  • strategy 1: involves 2 joints - hinge joint between atlas and a occipital condyles. 2nd joint is a pivot joint between atlas and axis
  • strategy 2: involves 1 joint - skull has single occipital condyle that articulates with atlas in ball and socket joint
94
Q

what are the regions of tetrapod vertebral column

A
  • cervical vertebrae: normally lack ribs , between head and trunk vertebrae
  • trunk vertebrae: found between pectoral and pelvic girdles
  • sacral vertebae: fused with sacrum which is fused with pelvic girdle
  • caudal vertebrae : support tail
95
Q

what vertebrae are not subject to buckling or torsion

A

caudal vertebrae

96
Q

why dont caudal vertebrae have zygapophyses

A

to allow for greater flexibility

97
Q

what are trunk vertebrae divided into in mammals

A
  • lumbar vertebrae : dont bear ribs
  • thoracic vertebae: support ribs
98
Q

what is a urostyle

A

in frogs several posterior vertebrae fuse to form a rod-like urostyle

urostyle + modified pelvic girdle provide rigid structure that contributes to mechanisms of swimming/jumping

99
Q

in turtles what do vertebral column and girdles provide a scaffold for

A

carpace

100
Q

what makes up appendicular skeleton

A

forelimbs + hindlimbs + girdles

101
Q

what is a pectoral girdle comprised of

A

paired scapulas and may include other bones (ex: clavicles and coracoid)

102
Q

what is glenoid fossa

A

part of scapula that articulates with humerus

103
Q

is shape/articulation more variable in pelvic or pectoral girdle

A

pectoral

104
Q

is pectoral girdle fused with vertebral column

A

no

105
Q

what does pelvic girdle articulate

A

left + right femurs

106
Q

what is pelvic girdle comprised of

A

ilia, ischia, pubis

107
Q

what does ilia fuse with and what does it do

A

fuses with 1 or more vertebrae to stabilize pelvis

108
Q

what is the acetabulum

A

on each side of pelvic girdle

where femur sits

109
Q

is pelvic girdle fused with ribs

A

yes

110
Q

what is plantigrade foot posture like

A

phalanges and metatarsals on ground

111
Q

what is digitigrade foot posture like

A

only phalanges on ground (walks/runs on toes)

112
Q

what is uniguligrade foot posture like

A

lifts both phalanges and metatarsals off the ground (walking on nails)

113
Q

what is most stable foot posture

A

plantigrade

114
Q

what is fastest foot posture

A

unilguligrade

115
Q

what are2 general trends in skeletal adaptations for flight

A
  • skeleton modified to reduce weight
  • increased strength and stability
116
Q

what is different about bird forelimb bones

A

humerus is short and stout

reduction in number of forelimb bones

117
Q

how does rigid vertebral column contribute to flight

A

contributes to mechanisms of flight and helps stabilize centre of gravity

118
Q

what do sacral vertebrae fused with additional vertebrae form

A

synsacrum

119
Q

what does furcula do to help per flight

A

stores energy from downstroke and releases it for upstroke

120
Q

what is a pygostyle

A

posterior caudal vertebrae are fused into a bone plate called a pygostyle

supports feathers of tail and contributes to control of tail feathers

121
Q

what is a stratum corneum

A

outermost layer of epidermis

122
Q

what does stratum corneum consist of

A

layer of dead cells and their derivatives

123
Q

what is cornifcation

A

process of making keratin and related structures

124
Q

what does cornfication provide

A

a protective layer to skin of terrestrial tetrapods

125
Q

are claws or nails or hooves the ancestral trait

A

claws

126
Q

are lepidosaur scales homologous with fish scales

A

no

127
Q

what are turtle shells comprised of

A

outer layer: keratinous scales

inner layer: bone

128
Q

what do horns consist of

A

keratin sheath growing on core of live bone (continuously grow throughout life)

Vertebrate bio (5 decks)

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