MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
Which one of the following statements best describes someone with Cushing’s Syndrome?
It may manifest as excitability, difficulty falling asleep, and low blood pressure
It may manifest as osteoporosis in someone who takes dexamethasone 0.75mg per day for 7 days
It may manifest with fat deposits in the neck area along with high blood sugar
It may manifest in someone who received a prescription for prednisone 15mg per day for 1 week to help with otitis media
It may manifest with a rounded face and hyponatremia
It may manifest with fat deposits in the neck area along with high blood sugar
The adrenal glands will typically produce around 20mg of cortisol per day. What would be the equivalent amount if someone needed to replace this amount with a pharmacologic agent?
Triamcinolone 2.5mg
Methylprednisolone 5mg
Cortisone 20mg
Prednisone 5mg
Dexamethasone 7.5mg
Prednisone 5mg
Which of the following best describes the actions of insulin?
It causes decreased serum glucose and increased gluconeogenesis
It is released as a result of low glucagon levels and causes glycogenesis
It causes increased protein synthesis and increased blood glucose levels
It causes decreased gluconeogenesis and decreased glucagon secretion
It is released as a result of low blood glucose and excess cortisol
It causes decreased gluconeogenesis and decreased glucagon secretion
Which of the following statements about potency and HPA-axis suppression of corticosteroids is TRUE?
Cortisone 25mg daily for 4 weeks would be more likely to cause HPA-axis suppression than betamethasone 1mg daily for weeks
The duration of corticosteroid use is predictive of HPA-axis suppression rather than the dose
Prednisone 10mg twice daily is more potent than prednisone 20 mg once daily
Betamethasone has more sodium-retaining potency than prednisone
A topical corticosteroid suppresses the HPA-axis to a greater extent than an oral corticosteroid
Prednisone 10mg twice daily is more potent than prednisone 20 mg once daily
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the thioamides?
They catalyze the coupling reaction of mono-iodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine
They prevent iodine from binding to tyrosine
They stimulate conversion of T3 –> T4 in peripheral tissues
They increase metabolism of tyrosine
All of these statements are involved in the mechanism of action of the thioamides
They prevent iodine from binding to tyrosine
Which of the following patient factors would NOT be a determinant in deciding on a starting dose for Levothyroxine?
History of osteoporosis
All of these factors should be taken into account when choosing a starting levothyroxine dose
Age
Duration and severity of hypothyroidism
History of cardiovascular disease
History of osteoporosis
Which of the following is a correct description of the feedback loop and production of the thyroid hormones?
Iodine excess or deficiency does not influence production of T3 or T4
T4 causes release of thyrotropin releasing hormone, whereas T3 causes inhibition of thyrotropin releasing hormone
Insufficient circulating T3 and T4 will stimulate release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone causes increased uptake iodine to increase production of T3 and T4
The thyroid mostly produces T3; creation of T4 is predominately through conversion of T3 to T4 in the kidney and liver.
Insufficient circulating T3 and T4 will stimulate release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland
Which of the following is a correct description of how hormones are transported in the blood?
A hormone in its free, unbound form, is not able to bind to a target receptor
Up-regulation of a hormone receptor is a homeostatic mechanism that occurs when there is too much hormone activity
When a hormone is protein-bound, the hormone’s potency is significantly increased
Protein binding of a hormone allows for a reservoir to form, allowing for fine control over circulating levels
A protein-bound hormone will have a decreased half-life
Protein binding of a hormone allows for a reservoir to form, allowing for fine control over circulating levels
The benefits of inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma include all of the following EXCEPT:
Reducing asthma mortality
Reducing frequency and severity of asthma attacks
Reducing inflammation
Reducing bronchoconstriction
Reducing airway remodelling
Reducing bronchoconstriction
What would happen to the VQ ratio if there was an obstructed airway?
The VQ ratio would decrease
The VQ ratio would increase
The VQ ratio would stay the same
The VQ ratio would decrease
Which structure is INCORRECTLY matched with its function?
The pleural cavity allows for expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing
The bronchial vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs for gas exchange
Alveolar macrophages engulf foreign particles in lungs like dust, bacterial, carbon, and remove them
The bronchi can constrict or dilate to modify airflow
The larynx helps protect the lungs by preventing food and fluid from entering the lungs
The bronchial vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs for gas exchange
Side effects of oral corticosteroids include all EXCEPT:
Increased glucose levels
Osteoporosis
Oral thrush
Adrenal suppression
Oral thrush
A patient has the following arterial blood gases:
PH 7.30 (7.35-7.45), CO2 48 mmHg (35-45 mmHg), HCO3 29 mmol/L(22-26mmol/L)
Which best describes the situation?
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Based on the various pathological process that cause asthma, which of the following treatments would NOT be effective at targeting these processes which cause asthma symptoms?
Antihistamines
Corticosteroids
Leukotriene receptor agonist
An immunoglobulin E (IgE) inhibitor
Leukotriene receptor agonist
Side effects of beta-adrenergic agents include all EXCEPT:
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Tremors
Tachycardia
Drowsiness
