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CCP 4.1 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lab) > MIDTERM 01 - Enzymes & Isolation and Characterization of Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

MIDTERM 01 - Enzymes & Isolation and Characterization of Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Are proteins that acts as catalysts in biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

A substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process

A

Catalysts

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3
Q

A disaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucose molecule + beta D-fructose molecule linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Sucrose/Table sugar

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4
Q

A liquid sweetener made from table sugar (sucrose) and water

A

Invert sugar

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5
Q

A beta-fructofuranosidase mainly used in the food (confectionery) industry

A

Invertase

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6
Q

Commercial invertase is biosynthesized by yeast strains of __________ or __________

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces calsbergensis

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7
Q

Are sugars capable of acting reducing agents because it has a free aldehyde group or a ketone group

A

Reducing sugars

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8
Q

1 example of non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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9
Q

Glucose + Glucose = __________

A

Maltose

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10
Q

Glucose + Galactose = __________

A

Lactose

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11
Q

Glucose + Fructose = __________

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

An aromatic compound that reacts with reducing sugars and other reducing molecules to form 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid

A

DNS/3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

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13
Q

DNS strongly absorbs light at __________ nm

A

540 nm

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14
Q

Method that detects the presence of free carbonyl group of reducing sugars; it involves the oxidation of aldehydes in glucose and ketones in fructose

A

DNS colorimetric method

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15
Q

The most favorable pH value; the point where the enzymes are most active

A

Optimum pH

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16
Q

Most of the enzymes rapidly become denatured at temperature above __________°C

A

40°C

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17
Q

Storage of enzymes at __________°C or below is generally the most suitable

A

5°C

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18
Q

Enzyme that contains only substrate and enzyme

A

Simple enzyme

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19
Q

Enzymes that are made up of protein groups (Apoenzyme) and nonprotein component (Cofactor)

A

Holoenzyme

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20
Q

Other name for Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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21
Q

Other name for Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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22
Q

Other name for Vitamin B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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23
Q

Meaning of FADH2

A

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

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24
Q

A cofactor that is bound tightly to the apoenzyme and is difficult to remove without damaging the enzyme

A

Prosthetic groups

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25
Q

Catalyze redox reactions (Enzyme classifications)

A

Oxidoreductase (EC 1)

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26
Q

Catalyzes the transport of 1 functional group from 1 molecule to another (Enzyme classifications)

A

Transferase (EC 2)

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27
Q

Catalyzes hydrolytic reaction or the breaking of bond involving the introduction of water (Enzyme classifications)

A

Hydrolase (EC 3)

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28
Q

Catalyzes non-hydrolytic cleavage-removal of a double bond or the breaking of a bond by an interaction of functional group (Enzyme classifications)

A

Lyase (EC 4)

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29
Q

Catalyzes the intramolecular rearrangement of atoms (Enzyme classifications)

A

Isomerase (EC 5)

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30
Q

Catalyzes reaction that join 2 molecules forming covalent linkage using an energy released from hydrolyzing pyrophosphate bond (Enzyme classifications)

A

Ligase (EC 6)

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31
Q

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats; secreted by the pancreas and liver (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Lipase

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32
Q

Plasma lipase level may be __________ in liver disease, vitamin A deficiency, some malignancies, and diabetes

A

Low

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33
Q

An enzyme concerned with the breakdown of dietary starch and glycogen to maltose; present in pancreatic juices and saliva (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

α-Amylase

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34
Q

Plasma amylase level may be __________ in liver disease

A

Low

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35
Q

Plasma amylase level may __________ in intestinal obstruction, mumps, acute pancreatitis, and diabetes

A

Increase

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36
Q

Secreted by the pancreas; elevated levels of this in plasma may occur during acute pancreatic disease (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Trypsin

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37
Q

Are a group of enzymes which hydrolyze phosphate esters at an alkaline pH; found in bone, liver, kidney, intestinal wall, lactating mammary gland, and placenta (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Alkaline phosphatases (ALP)

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38
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels may be __________ in rickets and osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease of bone, obstructive jaundice, and metabolic carcinoma (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Increased

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39
Q

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels may __________ in CHF as a result of injury to the liver

A

Increase

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40
Q

Catalyzes hydrolysis of various phosphate esters at acidic pH; found in the prostate, liver, red blood cells, platelets, and bone (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

41
Q

Acid phosphatase (ACP) levels may __________ in metastatic prostatic carcinoma

A

Increase

42
Q

Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartic acid to α-ketoglutarate forming glutamate and oxaloacetate; widely distributed and has a high concentration in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and erythrocytes (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Aspartate transaminases (AST) or Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)

43
Q

Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of alanine to α-ketoglutarate, forming glutamate and pyruvate; present in high concentration in the liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, kidney, and heart (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Alanine transaminase (ALT) or Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT)

44
Q

Serum levels of __________ and __________ are useful in the diagnosis of liver parenchymal damage and myocardial damage respectively

A

Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT)

45
Q

In liver damage, both SGPT and SGOT increase, but __________ increases more

A

SGPT

46
Q

In myocardial infarction, __________ is increased with little or no increase in SGPT

A

SGOT

47
Q

2 theories of enzyme binding

A

Lock and key, Induced fit

48
Q

In the same way only certain keys fit a lock, only certain substrates fit an enzyme’s active site (Theories of enzyme binding)

A

Lock and key

49
Q

The shape of the active site within enzymes is malleable and can be induced to fit the substrate through a variety of mechanisms (Theories of enzyme binding)

A

Induced fit

50
Q

Binding of __________ leads to activity

A

Agonist

51
Q

Binding of __________ leads to loss of activity

A

Antagonist

52
Q

__________ refers to the maximum rate of the reaction

A

Vmax

53
Q

__________ refers to the concentration of substrate which permits the enzyme to achieve half Vmax

A

Km (Michaelis constant)

54
Q

__________ inhibition results to same Vmax, but increased Km

A

Competitive inhibition

55
Q

__________ inhibition results to decreased Vmax and same Km

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

56
Q

__________ inhibition results to decreased Vmax and decreased Km

A

Uncompetitive inhibition

57
Q

__________ inhibition is surmountable (by 1 concentration)

A

Competitive inhibition

58
Q

__________ inhibition is insurmountable or irreversible

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

59
Q

__________ inhibition is similar to noncompetitive inhibition that are insurmountable or irreversible, except it only affects the enzyme-substrate complex

A

Uncompetitive inhibition

60
Q

Catalyzes the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate; widely distributed with high concentration in the ear, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and erythrocytes (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

61
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is __________ in plasma in MI, acute leukemia, generalized carcinomatosis, and acute hepatitis

A

Increased

62
Q

Found in the heart muscle, brain, and skeletal muscle; measurement of this is of value in the diagnosis of disorders affecting the skeletal and cardiac muscle (Enzymes used in clinical diagnosis)

A

Creatine kinase/Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

63
Q

Also known as deoxyribonucleic acid; supplies the genetic information

A

DNA

64
Q

These are informational molecules made up of polymers of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

These are the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base, phosphate, and pentose sugar

A

Nucleotides

66
Q

Are nucleotides that do not possess phosphate group; it only has heterocyclic base and pentose sugar

A

Nucleoside

67
Q

2 types of nucleic acids in cells

A

DNA, RNA

68
Q

Sugar present in DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

69
Q

Sugar present in RNA

A

Ribose

70
Q

Strand present in DNA

A

Double-stranded

71
Q

Strand present in RNA

A

Single stranded

72
Q

2 purine bases found in DNA and RNA

A

Guanine, Adenine

73
Q

2 pyrimidine bases found in DNA

A

Cytosine, Thymine

74
Q

2 pyrimidine bases found in RNA

A

Cytosine, Uracil

75
Q

DNA to DNA (Information transmission)

A

Replication

76
Q

DNA to RNA (Information transmission)

A

Transcription

77
Q

RNA to proteins (Information tarnsmission)

A

Translation

78
Q

A cationic detergent that facilitates the separation of polysaccharides during purification and aid in removing polyphenols; widely used when purifying DNA from plant tissues

A

CTAB

79
Q

Full name of CTAB

A

Cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide

80
Q

__________ mL: __________ g of the CTAB (Preparation of CTAB buffer)

A

100 mL, 2 g

81
Q

__________ mL of the __________ M Tris-HCl (Preparation of CTAB buffer)

A

10 mL, 1 M

82
Q

pH __________: __________ mL of the __________ M EDTA (Preparation of CTAB buffer)

A

pH 8: 4 mL, 0.5 M

83
Q

__________ mL of the __________ M NaCl (Preparation of CTAB buffer)

A

26 mL, 5 M

84
Q

__________ mL of the distilled water (Preparation of CTAB buffer)

A

58 mL

85
Q

This is used in DNA isolation because it has a low starch content, which allows the DNA to be seen clearly

A

Onion

86
Q

This is used because DNA is not insoluble in it, and when it is added to the mixture, all components of the mixture will stay in the solution and the DNA will precipitate

A

Ice cold ethanol

87
Q

Test used to detect the presence of deoxyribose

A

Diphenylamine/Dische test

88
Q

Test used to detect the presence of ribose

A

Bial’s orcinol test

89
Q

The reaction between the Dische reagent and 2-deoxyribose results to the development of a __________

A

Blue color

90
Q

Test used to detect the presence of phosphate ions

A

Test for phosphates

91
Q

Test for phosphates involve the hydrolysis of pyrophosphates to phosphate, which leads to the formation of a __________

A

Bright yellow precipitate

92
Q

Test used to detect the presence of ammonium purpurate or ammonium salts of purpuric acids

A

Murexide test

93
Q

When Murexide test is used to test for the presence of uric acids, it results to a __________

A

Yellow residue

94
Q

When Murexide test is used to test for the presence of xanthine, it results to a __________

A

Red residue

95
Q

Test used to detect the presence of the pyrimidine bases, cytosine and uracil

A

Wheeler-Johnson test

96
Q

When the Wheeler-Johnson test is treated with bromine water, it results to a __________

A

Green coloration

97
Q

When the Wheeler-Johnson test is added with barium hydroxide, it results to a ___________

A

Purple liquid

98
Q

In higher salt concentrations, __________ are insoluble

A

Polysaccharides

99
Q

In lower salt concentrations, _________ is insoluble

A

DNA

CCP 4.1 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lab) (6 decks)

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