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PATH > Middy 2 > Flashcards

Middy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a surgical sponge (gauze) mistakenly left in the abdominal cavity during surgery would cause…

A

foreign body granuloma formation

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2
Q

a focus of necrotic debris and dead neutrophils surrounded by a fibrous capsule is best termed…

A

an abscess

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3
Q

a primary function of neutrophils is…

A

phagocytosis of microorganisms

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4
Q

a classic example of delayed type hypersensitivity is…

A

the tuberculin reaction

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5
Q

amplification or expansion of the immune response is characteristic of…

A

both B cell and T cell responses to the antigen

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6
Q

a primary characteristic of the immune response is its…

A

specificity

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7
Q

amyloid is best defined as…

A

beta-pleated fibrillar protein

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8
Q

amyloid deposition in renal glomeruli is associated with…

A

protein loss in urine

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9
Q

bacteremia in young children or animals most often leads to bacterial seeding of the

A

growth plates (epiphyses)

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10
Q

cell mediated immunity is an important function of…

A

cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

cells which play a key role in early stages of the immune response are the…

A

macrophages

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12
Q

chronic suppurative inflammation is characterized by…

A

necrosis, pus formation, fibrosis and mononuclear cells

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13
Q

complete the following statement correctly: immune suppression can…

A

result from therapy with corticosteroids

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14
Q

complete the following statement correctly: macrophages…

A

secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function

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15
Q

cross-linking of numbers of antibody and antigen units leads to…

A

agglutination

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16
Q

caseous necrosis in granulomas caused by micro-organisms is related to…

A

a delayed type (Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction

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17
Q

during the lag period of the primary immune response, B cells with receptors for the specific antigen:

A

undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells

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18
Q

domestic animals receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers, which is primarily obtained by:

A

sucling colostrum

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19
Q

exudation refers to…

A

increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability

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20
Q

epithelioid (activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells) cells have

A

an increased ability to secrete lysozome

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21
Q

True or false: following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction

A

true

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22
Q

fibrin is best described as…

A

an insoluble fibrillary polymer

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23
Q

granulomatous inflammation is characterized by:

A

aggregation of activated (epitheliod) macrophages

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24
Q

hypersensitivity refers to a state:

A

in which the immune response is destructive rather than neutralizing or defensive

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25
Q

human newborns receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers which is primarily obtained by…

A

transplacental passage

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26
Q

increased vascular permeability in inflammation will allow large protein molecules to leave the vascular space. these include:

A

fibrinogen

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27
Q

in the secondary immune response…

A

specific antibody production occurs more rapidly

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28
Q

true or false: inflammatory cell movement into an area of acute inflammation is a passive process

A

false

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29
Q

inflammation is initiated by…

A

tissue injury

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30
Q

in type II (anti-body dependent) hypersensitivity, antibody is…

A

directed against specific antigens on cell surfaces

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31
Q

immune complex formation may cause…

A

complement activation

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32
Q

true or false: inflammatory mediators are found in plasma in their active forms

A

false

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33
Q

in acute inflammation, the term “pavementing” refers to the tendency for:

A

leukocytes to adhere to vessel walls

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34
Q

true or false: in acute inflammation, leukocytes tend to “stick” more to endothelial cells of the microvasculature

A

true

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35
Q

inflammatory mediators which have a role in signalling pain include…

A

bradykinin, histamine and serotonin

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36
Q

leukocytes have specific receptors for opsonins which cause phagocytosis to be…

A

enhanced

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37
Q

lymph nodes which are enlarged because of response to an antigenic stimulus are termed…

A

reactive

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38
Q

major sites of HIV infection and persistance are…

A

CD4+cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in lymph nodes

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39
Q

molecules which evoke an immune response when introduced into the host are termed…

A

antigens

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40
Q

true or false: macrophages and monocytes act as important reservoirs and producers of HIV

A

true

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41
Q

true or false: many of the chemical mediators of inflammation also act as chemotactic signals to inflammatory cells

A

true

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42
Q

nonspecific defence mechanisms…

A

include all defence mechanisms other than the immune response

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43
Q

neutrophil diapedesis is assisted by…

A

enlarged endothelial pores

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44
Q

natural killer cells are…

A

lymphocytes able to kill a variety of cells without prior sensitization

45
Q

neutrophils leave capillaries in inflammation by the process of…

A

diapedesis

46
Q

non-granulomatous chronic inflammation is seen with…

A

chronic viral infections

47
Q

neutrophils contain…

A

enzymes which can degrade biological material

48
Q

plasma cells are derived from…

A

B cells

49
Q

plasma cells secrete…

A

antibody

50
Q

true or false: persistence of an antigen or injurious stimulus will cause chronic inflammation to develop

A

true

51
Q

relative to transudates, exudates are characterized by…

A

greater number of cells

52
Q

septicemia refers to…

A

spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream

53
Q

specificity and memory are characteristics of…

A

the immune response

54
Q

sites of lymphocyte priming are the…

A

thymus and bone marrow

55
Q

the process by which certain inflammatory cells ingest and destroy particulate matter is termed…

A

phagocytosis

56
Q

the mononuclear cell type with the greatest role in acute inflammation is the…

A

macrophage

57
Q

tuberculosis is characterized by…

A

granulomatous inflammation in the lungs or other tissues

58
Q

the two major components of the process of acute inflammation are…

A

vascular change and cellular response

59
Q

the type of inflammatory cell with the greatest role in inflammation is the…

A

neutrophil

60
Q

the inflammatory mediators having the greatest role in early phase of the acute inflammatory response are…

A

vasoconstrictive amines (histamine and serotonin)

61
Q

the lack of response to our own antigens is termed…

A

self tolerance

62
Q

true or false: the similarity between donor and recipient with regards to histocompatibility antigens is a major determinant of the success of tissue organ transplant

A

true

63
Q

T cells are characterized by…

A

surface receptors which determine their specificity

64
Q

the end result of immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity is:

A

fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels (necrotizing vasculitis)

65
Q

the systemic reactions of anaphylaxis are caused by:

A

mast cell degranulation and mediator release

66
Q

theories on the development of auto-immunity describe…

A

reactions against slightly altered tissue components

67
Q

type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity is mediated by

A

sensitized T cells

68
Q

the marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to…

A

release of chemical mediators by damaged cells

69
Q

true or false: the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites is increased at inflammatory sites

A

true

70
Q

the process by which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient is termed…

A

chemotaxis

71
Q

true or false: transudates are basically and ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

true

72
Q

the profound immunosuppression associated with AIDS is primarily associated with defective…

A

cell-mediated immunity

73
Q

the term serology refers to the study of…

A

antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting

74
Q

the increased blood flow into inflamed tissues is termed…

A

hyperaemia

75
Q

the specificity of T cells is determined by the…

A

T cell receptor

76
Q

The increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by…

A

widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells

77
Q

The defining characteristics of AIDS is:

A

reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells

78
Q

The ‘cardinal’ signs of inflammation include redness, heat, pain, swelling, and…

A

loss of function

79
Q

The acute inflammatory process may cause…

A

an elevation in number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood

80
Q

The fever associated with acute inflammation is the result of…

A

mediators such as interleukin-1 and prostaglandins causing a ‘resetting’ of core temperature

81
Q

true or false: The cerebral plaque lesions of Alzheimer disease contain a specific type of amyloid

A

true

82
Q

true or false: The cerebral plaque lesions of Alzheimer disease contain a specific type of amyloid called AL

A

false

83
Q

The most common cause of osteomyelitis is:

A

bacterial seeding from blood and Hematogenous spread of bacteria

84
Q

true or false: Transudates are basically plasma proteins

A

false

85
Q

The role of T cells in granulomatous inflammation is to:

A

produce lymphokines which inhibit macrophage migration

86
Q

Vaccination is used to produce immunity against infectious organisms by inducing…

A

the primary immune response

87
Q

Which of the following statements about fibrin is FALSE?

A

It is one of the constituents of scar tissue

88
Q

When antigens react with their specific antibodies, they form:

A

immune complexes

89
Q

With passive immunization …

A

immunity is relatively short-term

90
Q

Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?

A

The leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape

91
Q

A principal role of histocompatibility molecules is…

A

to bind foreign proteins for presentation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells

92
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity is initiated by…

A

CD4+ T cells

93
Q

Fibrinous inflammation develops when…

A

vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the vessels

94
Q

infection with HIV causes AIDS because…

A

the virus damages CD4+ T cells

95
Q

In type I hypersensitivity reactions, the effects seen primarily relate to initial…

A

release of mediators from mast cells

96
Q

Mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:

A

histamine

97
Q

Opsonization refers to the…

A

enhanced recognition by leucocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, collectins)

98
Q

The deposition of immune complexes in blood vessel walls, seen in immune complex-mediated (Type III) hypersensitivity causes…

A

necrotizing vasculitis

99
Q

The third phase in the pathogenesis of systemic immune complex disease (Type III hypersensitivity) occurs when…

A

an inflammatory reaction leads to tissue injury

100
Q

Transcription of HIV proviral-DNA in CD4+ T cells leads to…

A

productive infection and cell death

101
Q

The specific movement of neutrophils toward a focus of inflammation is termed…

A

chemotaxis

102
Q

The systemic fever response is the result of which of the following?

A

Pyrogens influence the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain

103
Q

The secondary immune response is characterized by which of the following, as compared to the primary immune response?

A

a greater magnitude

104
Q

Which of the following terms describes an exudate?

A

Contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells

105
Q

Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?

A

the leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape

106
Q

Which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus?

A

degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris, and dead microbes

107
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

A

IgM is the immunoglobin with the smallest molecular weight

108
Q

Which of the following has not been implicated in the development of autoimmune disease?

A

The development of anergy with advanced age

PATH (11 decks)

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