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"final" Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true:
a. it is the first line of defense against an injury
b. the leakiness of the vessels allows fluid and proteins but not cells to escape
c. the extent of the inflammatory reaction is proportionate to the degree of tissue damage

A

b. the leakiness of the vessels allows fluid and proteins but not cells to escape

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2
Q

granulomatous inflammation is characterized by:
a. focal tissue destruction and fibrosis
b. aggregation of activated (epithelial) macrophages
c. activated T cells and plasma cells

A

b. aggregation of activated (epithelial) macrophages

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3
Q

neutrophil diapedesis is assisted by:
a. enlarged endothelial pores
b. digestive enzymes
c. increased phagocytic ability

A

a. enlarged endothelial pores

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4
Q

in acute inflammation, the term “pavementing” refers to:
a. increased laminar flow in the microvasculature
b. fibrin to be laid down on surfaces
c. leucocytes to adhere to vessel walls

A

c. leucocytes to adhere to vessel walls

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5
Q

sites of lymphocyte priming are:
a. spleen and tonsils
b. thymus and bone marrow
c. peripheral lymph nodes

A

b. thymus and bone marrow

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6
Q

the secondary immune response is characterized by which of the following, as compared to the primary:
a. a greater magnitude
b. later IgG production
c. a longer lag period

A

a. a greater magnitude

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7
Q

Nonspecific defense mechanisms:
a. are physical barriers to infectious organisms
b. refer to acute and chronic inflammatory responses
c. include all defense mechanisms other than the immune response

A

c. include all defense mechanisms other than the immune response

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8
Q

the most common cause of osteomyelitis is:
a. bacterial seeding from the blood
b. surgical fixation of fractures
c. extension from a wound

A

a. bacterial seeding from the blood

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9
Q

Type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity is mediated by:
a. sensitized T cells
b. macrophages
c. sensitized B cells

A

a. sensitized T cells

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10
Q

the term serology refers to the study of:
a. serum chemistry
b. antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory
c. the body reaction to infectious disease

A

b. antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory

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11
Q

the most common cause of osteomyelitis is:
a. hematogenous spread of bacteria
b. surgical fixation of fractures
c. extension from a wound

A

a. hematogenous spread of bacteria

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12
Q

human newborns receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers, which is primarily obtained by:
a. transplacental passage
b. in utero blood transfusion
c. suckling colostrum

A

from their mothers, which is primarily obtained by:
a. transplacental passage

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13
Q

amyloid is best defined as:
a. beta-pleated fibrillar protein
b. amorphous eosinophilic protein which accumulates in tissues
c. insoluble protein derived from immunoglobin

A

a. beta-pleated fibrillar protein

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14
Q

amyloid is comprised of:
a. insoluble, beta-pleated fibrillar protein
b. immunoglobin light chains
c. amorphous material deposited in tissues

A

a. insoluble, beta-pleated fibrillar protein

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15
Q

true or false: transudates are basically an ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

true

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16
Q

true or false: in acute inflammation, leukocytes tend to “stick” more to endothelial cells of the microvasculature

A

true

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17
Q

the deposition of immune complexes in blood vessel walls, seen in type III hypersensitivity causes:
a. blockage of blood vessels
b. widening of endothelial junctions
c. necrotizing vasculitis

A

c. necrotizing vasculitis

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18
Q

Theories on the development of auto-immunity describe:
a. Excessive lymphocyte clonal deletion during embryonic development
b. Excessive suppressor T-cell activity
c. reaction against slightly altered tissue components

A

c. reaction against slightly altered tissue components

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19
Q

the primary characteristic of the immune response is its:
a. Role as a defense mechanism
b. Ability to fight infectious disease
c. specificity

A

c. specificity

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20
Q

complete the following statement correctly: immune suppression can:
a. Result from both radiation and chemotherapy, due to injury to neutrophils
b. Increase the risk of hypersensitivity reactions
c. result from therapy with corticosteroids

A

c. result from therapy with corticosteroids

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21
Q

true or false: following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction

A

true

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22
Q

a principle role of histocompatibility molecule is:
a. to bind foreign proteins for presentation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells
b. To cause tissue and organ rejection (in transplantation)
c. To initiate auto immune diseases

A

a. to bind foreign proteins for presentation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells

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23
Q

during the lag period of the primary immune response, B cells with receptors for the specific antigen:
a. Become plasma cells and begin secreting antibody
b. Produce cytokines to recruit more B cells
c. undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells

A

c. undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells

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24
Q

immune complex formation may cause:
a. Immediate hypersensitivity
b. Delayed type hypersensitivity
c. complement activation

A

c. complement activation

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25
Q

the profound immunosuppressive association with AIDS is primarily associated with defective:
a. Humoral immunity
b. Cell-mediated immunity
c. Macrophage function

A

b. cell mediated immunity

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26
Q

the process by which certain inflammatory cells ingest and destroy particulate matter is termed:
a. phagocytosis
b. Opsonization
c. Exocytosis

A

a. phagocytosis

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27
Q

exudation refers to:
a. Formation of pus
b. Collection of fluid in body cavities
c. increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability

A

c. increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability

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28
Q

transcription of HIV proviral-DNA in CD4+T cells leads to:
a. Prolonged latency of HIV infection
b. Productive infection and cell death
c. Production of cytokines

A

b. Productive infection and cell death

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29
Q

a focus of necrotic debris and dead neutrophils surrounded by a fibrous capsule is best termed:
a. an abscess
b. Caseation necrosis
c. A granuloma

A

a. an abscess

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30
Q

major sites of HIV infection and persistence are:
a. CD4+ cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes
b. Both helper and cytotoxic T cells
c. CD8+ cells

A

a. CD4+ cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes

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31
Q

the mononuclear cell type with the greater role in ACUTE inflammation is the:
a. macrophage
b. monocyte
c. plasma cell

A

a. macrophage

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32
Q

plasma cells are derived from:
a. macrophages
b. B cells
c. T cells

A

b. B cells

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33
Q

which of the following statements about fibrin is false:
a. It is formed from fibrinogen, through the action of thrombin
b. It is one of the constituents of scar tissue
c. It is an insoluble polymer

A

b. It is one of the constituents of scar tissue

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34
Q

the process by which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient is termed:
a. Diapedesis
b. Emesis
c. Chemotaxis

A

c. Chemotaxis

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35
Q

the specific movement of neutrophils toward a focus of inflammation is termed:
a. Peristalsis
b. Chemotaxis
c. Margination

A

b. Chemotaxis

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36
Q

true or false: the cerebral plaque lesions of Alzheimer’s disease contain a specific type of amyloid called AL

A

false

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37
Q

opsonization refers to:
a. Activation of mediator precursors
b. Enhanced recognition of injurious agents by leucocytes, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, Collectins)
c. Enhanced phagocytosis of injurious agents by leucocytes

A

b. Enhanced recognition of injurious agents by leucocytes, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, Collectins)

38
Q

the cerebral lesions of Alzheimer’s disease contain a specific type of amyloid:

A

true

39
Q

The primary function of neutrophils is:
a. phagocytosis of microorganisms
b. Production of endogenous pyrogen
c. Secretion of complement components

A

a. phagocytosis of microorganisms

40
Q

Amyloid deposition seen in a wide variety of body tissues in association with chronic inflammatory disease are termed:
a. Reactive amyloidosis
b. Localized amyloidosis
c. Primary amyloidosis

A

a. Reactive amyloidosis

41
Q

mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:
a. histamine
b. serotonin
c. proteases

A

a. histamine

42
Q

with passive immunization:
a. a long period is required for an adequate immune response to develop
b. a single immunization is sufficient to maintain immunity
c. immunity is relatively short-term

A

c. immunity is relatively short-term

43
Q

epithelioid cells have:
a. Increased ability to phagocytize organisms
b. An increased ability to secrete lysozyme
c. The ability to manufacture collagen

A

b. An increased ability to secrete lysozyme

44
Q

T cells are characterized by:
a. CD4 expression
b. An off-centre nucleus
c. surface receptors which determine their specificity

A

c. surface receptors which determine their specificity

45
Q

Chronic suppurative inflammation is characterized by:
a. Extensive necrosis, pus formation and fibrosis
b. Necrosis, pus formation and drainage
c. necrosis, pus formation, fibrosis and mononuclear cells

A

c. necrosis, pus formation, fibrosis and mononuclear cells

46
Q

The systemic fever response is a result of which of the following:
a. pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain
b. A loss of vasomotor control due to bacteria toxins
c. Decreased heat loss from the body due to peripheral vasoconstriction

A

a. pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain

47
Q

Caseous necrosis in granulomas caused by micro-organisms is related to:
a. secretion of lysosomes by macrophages
b. A delayed type (Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction
c. Thrombosis of local vessels

A

b. A delayed type (Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction

48
Q

which of the following terms describes an exudate?
a. Formed due to increase in venous hydrostatic pressure
b. Contains plasma ultrafiltrate primarily
c. Contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells

A

c. Contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells

49
Q

which of the following has not been implicated in the development of auto-immune disease:
a. A defect in the normal deletion of potentially self-reactive lymphocyte clones
b. The development of anergy with advanced age
c. Loss of tolerance

A

b. The development of anergy with advanced age

50
Q

increased vascular permeability in inflammation will allow large protein molecules to leave the vascular space including:
a. Fibrinogen
b. albumin
c. urea

A

a. Fibrinogen

51
Q

when antigens react with their specific antibodies, they form:
a. immune complexes
b. complement
c. opsonins

A

a. immune complexes

52
Q

septicemia refers to :
a. spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream
b. Bacterial toxins in the bloodstream
c. Blood poisoning with toxins

A

a. spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream

53
Q

the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites is increased at inflammatory sites…

A

true

54
Q

hypersensitivity refers to a state:
a. in which the immune response is destructive rather than neutralizing or defensive
b. In which the immune reactions invoked are inherently different from those of the normal protective
mechanisms of immunity
c. Of allergy

A

a. in which the immune response is destructive rather than neutralizing or defensive

55
Q

fibrin is best defined as:
a. a product of inflammation
b. a product of the clotting mechanism
c. an insoluble fibrillary polymer

A

c. an insoluble fibrillary polymer

56
Q

neutrophils contain:
a. Inactive fibrinogen
b. Immunoglobulin such as IgG
c. enzymes that degrade biological material

A

c. enzymes that degrade biological material

57
Q

macrophages and monocytes act as important reservoirs and producers of HIV…

A

true

58
Q

Fibrinous inflammation develops when…
a. vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave vessels
b. Clotting is initiated in vessels
c. Inflammation is caused by bacteria invasion

A

a. vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave vessels

59
Q

In type I hypersensitivity reactions, the effects seen primarily relate to initial:
a. Secretion of cytokines and chemokines
b. Release of mediators from mast cells
c. Recruitment of inflammatory cells

A

b. Release of mediators from mast cells

60
Q

non-granulomatous chronic inflammation is characterized by sensitized lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages together with:
a. Neutrophils and foci of necrosis
b. Areas of necrosis and fibrosis
c. Epithelioid cells and neutrophils

A

b. Areas of necrosis and fibrosis

61
Q

the defining characteristic of AIDS is:
a. reduced number of CD4+ T cells
b. Low white blood cell counts
c. Increased incidence of opportunistic infections

A

a. reduced number of CD4+ T cells

62
Q

complete the following statement correctly: macrophages:
a. Are found only in certain tissues of the body
b. Secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function
c. Express immunoglobulins on their surfaces

A

b. Secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function

63
Q

the two major components of the process of acute inflammation are:
a. vascular changes and cellular response
b. Vascular changes and pus formation
c. Vasodilation and mediator release

A

a. vascular changes and cellular response

64
Q

infection with HIV causes AIDs because:
a. The virus causes uncontrolled replication of CD8+ cells
b. Neutrophil granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow are destroyed
c. the virus damages CD4+ T cells

A

c. the virus damages CD4+ T cells

65
Q

relative to transudates, exudates are characterized by:
a. greater number of cells
b. Similar cell types
c. Lower albumin levels

A

a. greater number of cells

66
Q

transudates are basically plasma proteins…

A

false

67
Q

inflammatory mediators are found in plasma in their active forms…

A

false

68
Q

the specificity of T cells is determined by:
a. Macrophage presentation of the antigen
b. Antibodies on the T cell surface
c. The T cell receptor

A

c. The T cell receptor

69
Q

amplification or expansion of the immune response is characteristic of:
a. The T cell response to antigen
b. The B cell response to antigen
c. Both of the above

A

c. Both of the above

70
Q

Natural killer cells are:
a. Cells with an increased phagocytic capacity for microorganisms
b. Immune cells with inherent ability to kill infected cells
c. lymphocytes able to kill a variety of cells without prior sensitization

A

c. lymphocytes able to kill a variety of cells without prior sensitization

71
Q

the increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by:
a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
b. Leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury
c. Direct injury to endothelium by the initiating cause of the inflammation

A

a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells

72
Q

the increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by:
a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
b. Increased hydrostatic pressure
c. Fluid leakage through damaged endothelial cells

A

a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells

73
Q

the increased blood flow into inflamed tissues is termed:
a. hyperemia
b. Congestion
c. Erythema

A

a. hyperemia

74
Q

the active increase in blood flow to a tissue area is termed:
a. hemorrhage
b. hyperemia
c. congestion

A

b. hyperemia

75
Q

the lack of response to our own antigens is termed:
a. Self tolerance
b. Anergy
c. Immunogenicity

A

a. Self tolerance

76
Q

vaccination is used to produce immunity against infectious organisms, by inducing:
a. The secondary immune response
b. Passive immunity
c. The primary immune response

A

c. The primary immune response

77
Q

the role of T cells in granulomatous inflammation is to:
a. Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
b. Produce lymphokines which inhibit macrophage migration
c. Be directly cytotoxic to the causal organism

A

b. Produce lymphokines which inhibit macrophage migration

78
Q

amyloid deposition in renal glomeruli is associated with:
a. Glucose loss in urine
b. Protein loss in urine
c. Glomerulonephritis

A

b. Protein loss in urine

79
Q

which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus:
a. Neutrophils, mucus, tissue debris
b. Plasma, fibrin, tissue macrophages and tissue debris
c. Degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris, and dead microbes

A

c. Degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris, and dead microbes

80
Q

the similarity between donor and recipient with regard to histocompatibility antigens is a major determinant of the success of transplants

A

true

81
Q

tuberculosis is characterized by:
a. Pulmonary hemorrhage
b. Granulomatous inflammation in lungs or other tissues
c. Pneumonia

A

b. Granulomatous inflammation in lungs or other tissues

82
Q

which of the following statements is false:
a. IgG represents the largest proportion of immunoglobulin in normal serum
b. IgM is the immunoglobulin with the smallest molecular weight
c. IgA is found in secretions (tears, mucus, etc.) and helps protect mucosal barriers

A

b. IgM is the immunoglobulin with the smallest molecular weight

83
Q

The marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to:
a. Reflex neural mechanisms
b. Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells
c. The effects of kinins

A

b. Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells

84
Q

The inflammatory mediators having the greatest role in the early phase of the acute inflammatory response
are:
a. Cytokines
b. Arachidonic acid metabolites
c. Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)

A

c. Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)

85
Q

In the secondary immune response:
a. Higher levels of IgM are produced
b. Specific antibody production occurs more rapidly
c. Peak antibody levels are earlier and lower

A

b. Specific antibody production occurs more rapidly

86
Q

Cells which play a key role in the early stages of the immune response are the:
a. Dendritic cells
b. Natural killer cells
c. Macrophages

A

c. Macrophages

87
Q

Domestic animals receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers, which is primarily obtained by:
a. Suckling colostrum
b. Transplacental passage
c. In utero blood transfusion

A

a. Suckling colostrum

88
Q

Inflammatory cell movement into an area of acute inflammation is a passive process…

A

false

89
Q

Bacteremia in young children or animals most often leads to bacterial seeding of the:
a. Growth plates (epiphyses)
b. Renal microcirculation
c. skeletal muscles

A

a. Growth plates (epiphyses)

90
Q

Inflammation is initiated by:
a. Infection
b. Trauma
c. Tissue injury

A

c. Tissue injury

PATH (11 decks)

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