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PATH > Middy 1 > Flashcards

Middy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: the release of cytoplasmic enzymes from necrotic cells may be useful diagnostically?

A

true

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2
Q

bilirubin is…

A

water-soluble when conjugated

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3
Q

agents such as radiation, mutagenic drugs, and viruses can lead to acquired DNA abnormalities - damage to cells such as blood cell precursors in bone marrow is the result of…

A

interference with mitosis

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4
Q

free radicals can impair cell membrane function by causing…

A

lipid peroxidation

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5
Q

anemia will lead to impaired energy production by the cell because there is…

A

insufficient oxygen

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6
Q

primary change in hemolytic jaundice is…

A

increased production of bilirubin

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7
Q

triglyceride accumulation in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells (such as the liver) is termed…

A

fatty degeneration

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8
Q

hypoxia, leading to impaired energy production by the cell may be caused by…

A

anemia

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9
Q

death of cells in a living organism is termed…

A

necrosis

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10
Q

true or false: starvation can lead to the development of a fatty liver

A

true

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11
Q

cloudy swelling is the result of…

A

intracellular accumulation of fluid and electrolytes

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12
Q

most definitive microscopic evidence of cell necrosis is…

A

nuclear pyknosis and karrhyohexis

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13
Q

chronic over-consumption of alcohol can lead to fatty liver due to…

A

increased acidity of hepatic enzyme systems, leading to increased conversion of fatty acids to triglycerides

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14
Q

colour changes in bruises are related to…

A

breakdown of hemoglobin

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15
Q

ischemia refers to…

A

a reduction or failure of blood supply to tissues

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16
Q

the end result of the clotting (coagulation) mechanism is…

A

the formation of insoluble strands of fibrin which forms the framework of the blood clot

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17
Q

shock can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation because…

A

hypoxic endothelial injury can initiate microthrombosis

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18
Q

the intrinsic clotting mechanism is initiated by…

A

activation of factor XII by surface contact

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19
Q

the accumulation of blood within a tissue to form a pocket is termed a …

A

hemotoma

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20
Q

the accumulation of watery fluid within the abdominal cavity is termed…

A

ascites

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21
Q

the accumulation of watery fluid in the thoracic cavity is termed…

A

effusion

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22
Q

the accumulation of fluid within a tissue is termed…

A

edema

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23
Q

venous obstruction is generally less likely to cause tissue injury than arterial obstruction because…

A

there’s greater availability of collateral vessels in the venous system

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24
Q

which of the following statements regarding thrombosis is false?

A

taking aspirin increases the risk of thrombus formation

25
Q

formation of the primary hemostatic plug results from…

A

platelet aggregation

26
Q

a person or animal in LEFT sided heart failure way show which of the following…

A

shortness of breath and coughing

27
Q

a person or animal with RIGHT sided heart failure may show…

A

hepatic congestion

28
Q

hypovolemic shock may be caused by…

A

severe vomiting and diarrhea

29
Q

in disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC…

A

widespread endothelial injury is a common initiating mechanism

30
Q

a free-floating intravascular mass carried within the bloodstream to another site is termed…

A

embolus

31
Q

with vascular injury, platelets are exposed to the ECM which induces platelet adhesion via interactions with …

A

von willebrand factor (vWF)

32
Q

shock, whatever its cause, is characterized by…

A

generalized reduction of tissue perfusion

33
Q

tendency to bleed excessively following minor trauma is the hallmark of…

A

coagulation dissorders

34
Q

emboli originating from deep Venus thromboses in the legs will likely become lodged in the…

A

pulmonary circulation

35
Q

transient arteriolar vasoconstriction in early hemostasis is primarily due to…

A

reflex neurogenic mechanisms

36
Q

a localized area of necrosis resulting from inadequate blood supply to tissues is termed…

A

infraction

37
Q

small petechial hemorrhages are most likely the result of…

A

low platelet numbers

38
Q

a venous infract may be…

A

hemorrhagic due to hypoxic endothelial injury

39
Q

an arterial infract may be…

A

pale because of lack of oxygenated blood in the affected area

40
Q

the sodium and water retention which occurs during heart failure is the result of…

A

aldosterone causing increased sodium resorption by the kidney distal tubules

41
Q

the “economy class syndrome” occurs with prolonged air travel in cramped seating. the described thrombosis occurs because there is…

A

stasis of blood flow in veins and legs

42
Q

chronic changes in blood vessel walls which can lead to thrombosis are most often associated with…

A

atherosclerosis

43
Q

diabetes may develop degenerative changes in the vasculature. diminished blood supply to the extremities and subsequent infraction leads to the development of…

A

gangrene

44
Q

shock due to peripheral vasodilation may be caused by…

A

sepsis

45
Q

tissues which are very susceptible to ischemia are the…

A

brain and heart

46
Q

localized edema could be caused by…

A

lymphatic obstruction

47
Q

lymphatic obstruction will eventually lead to…

A

fibrosis of the affected area

48
Q

arterial thrombosis is most often the result of…

A

endothelial injury

49
Q

a large thrombus has developed in the renal artery (main artery supplying the kidney). if portions of this thrombus were to break free and embolize, infracts could occur in the…

A

kidney

50
Q

hypoxia is…

A

insufficient oxygenation of tissues due to poor blood supply

51
Q

shock becomes irreversible shock when…

A

metabolic acidosis furthers injury to cells so they can no longer produce energy

52
Q

edema may be the result of…

A

loss of plasma protein (due to renal glomerular disease)

53
Q

an arterial infract may look hemorrhagic in the…

A

lung

54
Q

the pallor and coolness of skin in acute shock is the result of…

A

constriction of peripheral blood vessels

55
Q

apoptosis refers to…

A

programmed cell death

56
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been used by competitive cyclists to increase RBC count and thus oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. However, this could lead to thrombotic disease because…

A

the blood is more viscous

57
Q

each of the following substances can accumulate in cells. which of the following is a pigment due to “wear and tear”

A

lipofuscin

58
Q

regional tissue necrosis due to ischemia, followed by secondary bacterial infections defines

A

gangrene

PATH (11 decks)

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