Middy 1 Flashcards
True or false: the release of cytoplasmic enzymes from necrotic cells may be useful diagnostically?
true
bilirubin is…
water-soluble when conjugated
agents such as radiation, mutagenic drugs, and viruses can lead to acquired DNA abnormalities - damage to cells such as blood cell precursors in bone marrow is the result of…
interference with mitosis
free radicals can impair cell membrane function by causing…
lipid peroxidation
anemia will lead to impaired energy production by the cell because there is…
insufficient oxygen
primary change in hemolytic jaundice is…
increased production of bilirubin
triglyceride accumulation in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells (such as the liver) is termed…
fatty degeneration
hypoxia, leading to impaired energy production by the cell may be caused by…
anemia
death of cells in a living organism is termed…
necrosis
true or false: starvation can lead to the development of a fatty liver
true
cloudy swelling is the result of…
intracellular accumulation of fluid and electrolytes
most definitive microscopic evidence of cell necrosis is…
nuclear pyknosis and karrhyohexis
chronic over-consumption of alcohol can lead to fatty liver due to…
increased acidity of hepatic enzyme systems, leading to increased conversion of fatty acids to triglycerides
colour changes in bruises are related to…
breakdown of hemoglobin
ischemia refers to…
a reduction or failure of blood supply to tissues
the end result of the clotting (coagulation) mechanism is…
the formation of insoluble strands of fibrin which forms the framework of the blood clot
shock can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation because…
hypoxic endothelial injury can initiate microthrombosis
the intrinsic clotting mechanism is initiated by…
activation of factor XII by surface contact
the accumulation of blood within a tissue to form a pocket is termed a …
hemotoma
the accumulation of watery fluid within the abdominal cavity is termed…
ascites
the accumulation of watery fluid in the thoracic cavity is termed…
effusion
the accumulation of fluid within a tissue is termed…
edema
venous obstruction is generally less likely to cause tissue injury than arterial obstruction because…
there’s greater availability of collateral vessels in the venous system
which of the following statements regarding thrombosis is false?
taking aspirin increases the risk of thrombus formation
formation of the primary hemostatic plug results from…
platelet aggregation
a person or animal in LEFT sided heart failure way show which of the following…
shortness of breath and coughing
a person or animal with RIGHT sided heart failure may show…
hepatic congestion
hypovolemic shock may be caused by…
severe vomiting and diarrhea
in disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC…
widespread endothelial injury is a common initiating mechanism
a free-floating intravascular mass carried within the bloodstream to another site is termed…
embolus
with vascular injury, platelets are exposed to the ECM which induces platelet adhesion via interactions with …
von willebrand factor (vWF)
shock, whatever its cause, is characterized by…
generalized reduction of tissue perfusion
tendency to bleed excessively following minor trauma is the hallmark of…
coagulation dissorders
emboli originating from deep Venus thromboses in the legs will likely become lodged in the…
pulmonary circulation
transient arteriolar vasoconstriction in early hemostasis is primarily due to…
reflex neurogenic mechanisms
a localized area of necrosis resulting from inadequate blood supply to tissues is termed…
infraction
small petechial hemorrhages are most likely the result of…
low platelet numbers
a venous infract may be…
hemorrhagic due to hypoxic endothelial injury
an arterial infract may be…
pale because of lack of oxygenated blood in the affected area
the sodium and water retention which occurs during heart failure is the result of…
aldosterone causing increased sodium resorption by the kidney distal tubules
the “economy class syndrome” occurs with prolonged air travel in cramped seating. the described thrombosis occurs because there is…
stasis of blood flow in veins and legs
chronic changes in blood vessel walls which can lead to thrombosis are most often associated with…
atherosclerosis
diabetes may develop degenerative changes in the vasculature. diminished blood supply to the extremities and subsequent infraction leads to the development of…
gangrene
shock due to peripheral vasodilation may be caused by…
sepsis
tissues which are very susceptible to ischemia are the…
brain and heart
localized edema could be caused by…
lymphatic obstruction
lymphatic obstruction will eventually lead to…
fibrosis of the affected area
arterial thrombosis is most often the result of…
endothelial injury
a large thrombus has developed in the renal artery (main artery supplying the kidney). if portions of this thrombus were to break free and embolize, infracts could occur in the…
kidney
hypoxia is…
insufficient oxygenation of tissues due to poor blood supply
shock becomes irreversible shock when…
metabolic acidosis furthers injury to cells so they can no longer produce energy
edema may be the result of…
loss of plasma protein (due to renal glomerular disease)
an arterial infract may look hemorrhagic in the…
lung
the pallor and coolness of skin in acute shock is the result of…
constriction of peripheral blood vessels
apoptosis refers to…
programmed cell death
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been used by competitive cyclists to increase RBC count and thus oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. However, this could lead to thrombotic disease because…
the blood is more viscous
each of the following substances can accumulate in cells. which of the following is a pigment due to “wear and tear”
lipofuscin
regional tissue necrosis due to ischemia, followed by secondary bacterial infections defines
gangrene
