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103 Theme 1 - Anatomy > Middle Mediastinum > Flashcards

Middle Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle mediastinum? Anterior Posterior Lateral Inferior Superior

A

Anterior – anterior pericardium

Posterior – posterior pericardium

Lateral – mediastinal pleura

Inferior - diaphragm

Superior - transverse thoracic plane

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2
Q

What is the broadest part of the interpleural space?

A

Middle mediastinum

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3
Q

What 5 structures make up the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart & pericardium Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk & arteries Pulmonary veins Nerves

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4
Q

Where does oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow though the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood flows through right atrium and right ventricle

Oxygenated blood flows through left atrium and left ventricle

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5
Q

Complete the diagram of the external aspects of the heart

A
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6
Q

What are the 4 parts of the aorta and which part of the mediastinum do they travel through?

A
  • Ascending (middle mediastinum)
  • Arch (superior mediastinum)
  • Descending thoracic (posterior mediastinum)
  • Descending abdominal
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7
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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8
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart via?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk branch into?

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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11
Q

How many pulmonary veins come from each side when entering the heart and what are they called?

A

Two veins from each side

Inferior and Superior

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12
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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13
Q

Where does the right atrium recieve deoxygenated blood from?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

Complete the diagram of the right atrium

A
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15
Q

What are the 2 regions of the right atrium?

A
  • Sinus venarum (smooth walled)
  • Pectinate muscle
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16
Q

Complete the diagram of the left atrium

A
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17
Q

Complete the diagram of the right and left ventricles

A
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18
Q

Complete the diagram of the heart valves

A
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19
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
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20
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve
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21
Q

Label the valve leaflets on the atrioventricular valves

A
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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What are the cusps that make up the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

Left

Bicuspid valve

  • Anterior cusp
  • Posterior cusp

Right

Tricuspid valve

  • Anterior cusp
  • Posterior cusp
  • Septal cusp
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24
Q

Label the valve leaflets on the bicuspid and tricuspid valves

A

A - anterior

P - posterior

S - septal

25
Q

What cusps make up the pulmonary and aortic valves?

A

Pulmonary valve cusps:

  • Left
  • Right
  • Anterior

Aortic valve cusps:

  • Left
  • Right
  • Posterior
26
Q

Complete the diagram of the semilunar valve cusps

A
27
Q

Which cusps do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

A

Right coronary artery from right cusp

Left coronary artery from left cusp

28
Q

Label the valve cusps and the coronary arteries

A

R- right

P - posterior

L - left

Right coronary artery from right cusp

Left coronary artery from left cusp

29
Q

How many layers is the pericardium?

A

3

30
Q

What is the pericardium attached to superiorly and inferiorly?

What structures influence the movement of the pericardium?

A

Attached to the great vessels superiorly and diaphragm inferiorly

Influenced by movement of the great vessels, sternum & diaphragm

31
Q

Which nerve travels over the pericardium?

A

Phrenic

32
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A
  • Protects heart from overfilling (cardiac distension)
  • Retains heart in position (pericardio-sternal ligaments)
33
Q

Complete the diagram of the pericardium

A
34
Q

What are the 3 layers of epicardium and what order do they go in?

A
  1. Serous pericardium (internal)
    a. Parietal layer
    b. Visceral layer (or Epicardium)
  2. Fibrous pericardium (external)
35
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain and why?

A

A small amount of serous fluid to allow for uninhibited movement

36
Q

Complete the diagram of the 2 pericardial sinuses

A
37
Q

What is a pericardial sinus?

A
38
Q

Where is the transverse sinus and how can it be used in surgery?

A

Located between outflow vessels of the heart (AA + PT) and inflow vessels (SVC + PV) - can be used in surgery to clamp the outflow of blood from the heart

39
Q

Where is the oblique sinus?

A

Located between pulmonary veins

40
Q

What is the anatomical definition of a sinus?

A

A sinus is a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue

41
Q

Where are coronary vessels located?

A

In the atrioventricular and interventricular grooves

42
Q

Complete the diagram of the coronary arteries

A
43
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

Functional (potential) anastomoses exist between the branches of anterior interventricular artery and posterior interventricular artery

44
Q

When can functional anastomoses not maintain substantial collateral circulation?

A

If a major branch occluded suddenly

45
Q

Is this diagram left or right dominant?

A

Left dominant

46
Q

Is it more common for people to be left-dominant or right-dominant?

A

Right-dominant

67% individuals - RCA dominant

15% individuals - LCA dominant

47
Q

Where does the posterior interventricular artery arise from in left-dominant hearts?

A

Circumflex artery

48
Q

Name 2 examples of common variation in coronary circulation

A
  • 4% individuals have an accessory coronary artery.
  • 40% population - the SA nodal branch comes off the circumflex
49
Q

Complete the diagram of coronary veins

A
50
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

Close to crista terminalis at junction between SVC and right atrium

51
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

Interatrial septum close to coronary sinus opening

52
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial node?

A

The SA node initiates contraction, impulses spread through atrial wall to AV node via internodal tracts

53
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular node?

A

AV node continues into AV bundle (of His) and divides in the interventricular septum to travel to left and right ventricles to conduct the impulse to the left and right Purkinje fibres.

54
Q

What is the role of the fibrous skeleton?

A
  • Framework of 4 fibrous rings of dense connective tissue
  • Forms an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles
55
Q

Where does the fibrous skeleton provide attachement for?

A

•Provides attachment for Atrioventricular and Semi-lunar valves

56
Q

Complete the diagram

A
57
Q

Which nervous system regulates innervation of the myocardium?

Where do these nerves destined for the heart enter?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Cardiac plexus

58
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart originate from and travel to?

A

Parasympathetic fibres from the Vagus nerve enter the cardiac plexus and then travel to the SA node

Sympathetic fibers from Sympathetic Trunk levels T1-5 enter the cardiac plexus and then travel to the SA node

59
Q

Complete the diagram

A

103 Theme 1 - Anatomy (7 decks)

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