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103 Theme 1 - Anatomy > Lungs and Pleura > Flashcards

Lungs and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

What does the right pleural cavity and the left pleural cavity contain?

A

RPC - Right lung LPC - Left lung

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2
Q

What are the 3 spaces outlined in pink, blue and yellow?

A

Pink - Right pleural cavity Blue - Mediastinum Yellow - Left pleural cavity

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3
Q

What is the mediastinum and what does it contain?

A

Space between the 2 pleural cavities

Contains trachea, heart, oesophagus, blood vessels and nerves

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4
Q

What are the 3 spaces outlined in yellow, blue and pink?

A

Yellow - Right pleural cavity

Blue - Mediastinum

Pink - Left pleural cavity

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5
Q

Complete the diagram of devloping lungs and pleura

A
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6
Q

At how many weeks does the respiratory system start to develop?

A

4-6 weeks

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7
Q

Does the lungs and pleura arise from the ectoderm, mesoderm or endooderm layer?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

How does the lungs and pleura develop?

A
  1. Endodermal out pouches form lung buds and bronchial buds
  2. Rapid division of the airways occurs
  3. Hence the lungs push their way out into the primitive thoracic cavity.
  4. As they do they take the lining with them (visceral pleura)
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9
Q

Is this the visceral or parietal pleura?

Closely adheres to the lungs including the fissures

A

Visceral pleura

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10
Q

What is the function of visceral pleura?

A

Creates a smooth and slippery surface

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11
Q

Which 2 structures does the visceral pleura connect to?

A

The parietal pleura and the hilum

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12
Q

Complete the diagram

A
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13
Q

Complete the diagram of the segments of parietal pleura

A
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14
Q

Is this the visceral or parietal pleura?

Lines the internal aspect of the thoracic wall

A

Parietal pleura

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15
Q

What are the 4 parts of the paritetal pleura and where do they line?

A
  1. Costal (Internal rib cage)
  2. Mediastinal (Lateral wall of mediastinum)
  3. Diaphragmatic (Superior diaphragm)
  4. Cervical (Cervical region)
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16
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the 2 layers of pleura

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17
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A

A thin layer of serous fluid

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18
Q

How is the pleural cavity important for breathing?

A

Surface tension of the serous fluid hold lungs against thoracic wall

Lungs expand as the thoracic cavity expands

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19
Q

Which 2 pathologies cause the surface tension between the pleural layers to be lost?

A

Pneumothorax

Haemothorax

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20
Q

What is this arrow pointing to?

A

Pleural cavity

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21
Q

Label the pleural cavity recesses

A
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22
Q

Why is the pleural cavity not symmetrical?

A

Because of the heart

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23
Q

When can the pleural cavity recesses be occupied by lung?

A

During forced inspiration

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24
Q

Name the innervation for the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

Cervical

Costal

Mediastinal

Diaphragmatic

A
  • Cervical – 1st intercostal nerve
  • Costal – intercostal nerves
  • Mediastinal – phrenic nerve
  • Diaphragmatic – lower intercostals and phrenic nerves
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25
Q

How is the visceral pleura innervated?

What type of innervation and where from.

A

Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) from pulmonary plexuses

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26
Q

Label the nerves on the diagram

A
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27
Q

Label the lobes and fissures on each lung.

A

RIGHT LUNG

1) Superior
2) Middle
3) Inferior

Green line - Oblique fissure

Blue line - Horizontal fissure

LEFT LUNG

1) Superior
2) Inferior

Green line - Oblique fissure

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28
Q

What are the 2 anatomical features the left lung has that the right lung does not?

A
  1. Lingula
  2. Cardiac notch
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29
Q

Label the 3 surfaces highlighted on the lung

A

Yellow - Costal

Green - Mediastinal

Blue - Diaphragmatic

30
Q

What is the top and bottom of the lung referred to as?

A

The apex and base

31
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lung?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Inferior
  3. Posterior
32
Q

Complete the diagram of the pleural and hilum structures

A
33
Q

Name the 6 structures which make up the hilum

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Pulmonary arteries
  3. Pulmonary veins
  4. Bronchial arteries and veins
  5. Pulmonary plexus
  6. Lymph vessels and nodes
34
Q

Label the hilum

A
35
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart from?

A

Right ventricle via left or right pulmonary artery

36
Q

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Left atrium via left or right superior or inferior pulmonary veins

37
Q

Which 2 structures do the bronchial arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to?

A

Lung and visceral pleura

38
Q

Where do the left and right bronchial arteries originate from?

A

Left arteries branch from descending aorta.

Right arteries branch from intercostal arteries.

39
Q

Where do bronchial veins terminate?

A

Azygous system of veins

40
Q

Complete the diagram of bronchial arteries and veins.

A
41
Q

Which nervous system innervates all viscera in the body?

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

42
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the lungs originate from?

A

Sympathetic – from sympathetic trunk

Parasympathetic – from vagus

43
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the -

Bronchial musculature

Pulmonary vasculature

A

Sympathetic

  • Bronchial musculature – dilates
  • Pulmonary vasculature – constricts

Parasympathetic

  • Bronchial musculature – constricts
  • Pulmonary vasculature - dilates
44
Q

What 3 nodes does lymph drain via on its way to the hilum?

A
  1. Bronchopulmonary (Hilar) nodes
  2. then Tracheobronchial nodes
  3. then Paratracheal nodes
45
Q

Complete the diagram of the lymph nodes

A
46
Q

Name the 7 levels of the respiratory tree

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Primary bronchi (main)
  3. Secondary bronchi (Lobar)
  4. Tertiary bronchi (Segmental)
  5. Bronchioles (Terminal/Respiratory)
  6. Alveolar sacs
  7. Alveoli
47
Q

Complete the diagram of the bification of the trachea

A
48
Q

Where does the trachea run?

A

Distal to larynx

Runs from C6 to T4/5

49
Q

What 2 tissues makeup the trachea? Do they sit anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly c-shaped cartilage rings

Posteriorly Trachealis muscle

50
Q

What is the name of the angle where the trachea bifurcates?

What spinal level is this?

A

The sternal angle

T4/5

51
Q

What 2 types of membrane trac is the trachea lined by?

A

Mucous membrane and cilia

52
Q

Complete the diagram of the respiratory tree

A
53
Q

Which main bronchus is wider, shorter and runs more vertically?

A

Right main bronchus

54
Q

Where do the main bronchi enter the lung?

A

Hilum

55
Q

How many secondary bronchi are in each lung?

A

3 in the right lung

2 in the left lung

56
Q

What does each tertiary bronchus supply?

A

A bronchopulmonary segment

57
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right and left lung have?

A

Usually, 10 in the right lung vs. 8-10 in the left lung

58
Q

Which section of the respiratory tree contains cartilage?

A

Primary bronchi

59
Q

Where does the blood supply for bronchopulmonary segments come from?

A

A single branch of the pulmonary artery

60
Q

What seperates the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Connective tissue

61
Q

Why are bronchopulmonary segements surgically resectable?

A

They’re removable in isolation

62
Q

How many generations of conducting bronchioles are there?

A

20-25

63
Q

Which part of the respiatory tree does not contain cartilage?

A

Bronchioles

64
Q

What is the difference between terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Terminal bronchiole gives rise to several generations of respiratory bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles characterized by out pockets of alveoli
65
Q

What are the different zones called?

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

66
Q

What are the black stars?

A

Alveolar sacks

67
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

Eelongated airways lined by alveoli which lead to common spaces called alveolar sacs

68
Q

What is each alveolus surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

69
Q

What are the 2 cells types in alveoli and what percentage do they make up?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes (95%)

Type 2 pneumocytes (5%) – secrete PULMONARY SURFACTANT

70
Q

Complete the diagram of the respiratory tree

A

103 Theme 1 - Anatomy (7 decks)

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