MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT)

Question 1

Identify trends for height, weight, and body fat during middle childhood

Answer 1

HEIGHT–>
-Same pace of height and weight development as early childhood –> (2-3 inches per year)
-At the end of middle childhood girls are taller than boys

WEIGHT–>
-gain about 5 lbs per year

BODY FAT % –>
-begins to increase during middle childhood

Question 2

OBESITY

Answer 2

greater than 20% over healthy weight

Proportion of obese 6-11 y/o’s

Obese children are less responsive than normal weight individuals to internal hunger cues

Question 3

CAUSES OF OBESITY

Answer 3

1. Genetic predisposition to gain weight
2. Parental practices
   -Unhealthy meals
   -Promote focus on external vs internal cues
   -Food reward/bribery
3. Less physical activity
   -Schools are stopping recess
   -Outcomes/Consequences:

Question 4

OUTCOMES/CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY

Answer 4

–>Physical
Lower life expectancy
High risk for heart disease
Higher risk for diabetes
Higher risk for asthma
Higher cholesterol
Higher blood pressure

–>Psychological
Low self esteem
Decrease in friends
High anxiety
High depression
Higher suicidal thoughts (adolescence)

Question 5

DESCRIBE CHANGES iIN HANDWRITING MOTOR SKILLS DURING MIDDLE CHILDHOOD DEVEL.–>

Answer 5

When younger the handwriting motor skills are more uncontrolled

Makes strokes with entire arm rather than concentrating movement through wrist and fingers

As getting older, handwriting improves through motor control and understanding

Question 6

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Answer 6

• Children are becoming stronger, faster, and better coordinated
• Physical Education classes improve child’s motor development
• Rough and tumble (boys) tends to be decreasing because they are playing more sports and this is true cross culturally

Question 7

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN BOYS

Answer 7

BOYS–>

-outperform girls on GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
*throwing
*kicking
**These are related to socialization and expectations

-Boys have a higher fitness level and a stronger grip
strength

-More proficient in object manipulation

-

Question 8

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN GIRLS

Answer 8

-outperform boys on fine motor
*balance
*agility
*skipping
*hopping
*jumping

 *edge in fine motor skills of writing and drawing

-girls exhibit a better flexibility range

Question 9

SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Answer 9

Girls better at fine-motor skills and boys are better at gross-motor skills, sports

*Social Environment: Parental Expectations, self-perceptions, and coaching, media messages

Question 10

IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

Answer 10

(better in boys)

sports
kicking
throwing

Question 11

IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

FINE MOTOR SKILLS

Answer 11

writing
drawing
jumping
hopping
balance

Question 12

What underlies BOYS OUTPERFORMING GIRLS on GROSS MOTOR SKILLS like throwing?

Answer 12

-biological factors
-activity level plays a significant role in these
differences
*activity amount = boys tend to engage more in physical activities than girls

Question 13

1. WHAT MEMORY STRATEGIES ARE USED DURING MIDDLE CHILDHOOD?
2. WHAT DOES RESEARCH SUGGEST ABOUT MEMORY IN NOVICES VS EXPERTS?

Answer 13

1. Some learning strategies would include rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.
2. To investigate this idea, researchers classified fourth graders as either experts or novices in knowledge of soccer and then gave both groups lists of soccer and non-soccer items to learn. Experts remembered far more items on the soccer list than novices. During recall, the experts listing of items was better organized as indicated by clustering of items into categories. Experts can devote more working memory resources to using recalled information or reasoning and problem solving.